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Children

2. Children. Biological Beginnings. What is the Evolutionary Perspective?. Images of Child Development. Stories of the Jim and Jim Twins Identical twins separated after birth Identical lifestyles after 39 years apart

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Children

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  1. 2 Children Biological Beginnings

  2. What is the Evolutionary Perspective? Images of Child Development • Stories of the Jim and Jim Twins • Identical twins separated after birth • Identical lifestyles after 39 years apart • Part of Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart; other twin sets with similar outcomes

  3. What is the Evolutionary Perspective? Natural Selection and Adaptive Behavior • Natural selection • Evolutionary process favors individuals best adapted to survive and reproduce • Evolutionary psychology • Emphasizes adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” in shaping behavior

  4. What is the Evolutionary Perspective? Brain Sizes of Humans and Primates Fig. 2.1

  5. Genetic Foundations The Genetic Process • DNA and the Collaborative Gene • Chromosomes: threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs, one member of each pair coming from each parent • DNA: complex molecule; double helix • Genes: units of heredity • Human Genome Project

  6. Chromosomes Cell DNA Nucleus (center of cell) contains chromosomes and genes Chromosomes are threadlike structures composed of DNA molecules Gene: a segment of DNA (spiraled double chain) containing the hereditary code Fig. 2.2 Cells, Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA

  7. Genetic Foundations The Genetic Process • Gene activity – genetic expression • Mitosis, Meiosis, and Fertilization • Mitosis: cell’s nucleus duplicates itself • Meiosis: cell division to form eggs and sperm (or gametes) • Reproduction: begins when female gamete (ovum) fertilized by male gamete (sperm) • Zygote: single cell formed through fertilization; 23 pairs of chromosome

  8. Genetic Foundations Genetic Difference BetweenFemales and Males Fig. 2.4

  9. Genetic Foundations Genetic Principles • Dominant-Recessive Genes Principle • Recessive gene is influential only if both genes are recessive • Phenotype and genotype • Sex-Linked Genes: X-linked inheritance • Genetic Imprinting • Polygenetic Inheritance

  10. Dominant-Recessive Gene Principle Fig. 2.5

  11. Genetic Foundations Chromosome Abnormalities • Chromosome abnormalities • Gamete does not have normal set of 23 • Down syndrome • Chromosomal form of mental retardation • Phenylketonuria (PKU) • individual cannot properly metabolize an amino acid; easily detected and prevented • Sickle-cell anemia • affects red blood cells; recessive gene influence

  12. Genetic Foundations Sex-Linked Chromosome Abnormalities

  13. Reproductive Challenges Prenatal Diagnostic Tests • Ultrasound sonography: high-frequency sound waves directed into abdomen • Chorionic villi sampling: sample of the placenta • Amniocentesis: sample of amniotic fluid • Maternal blood or triple screening • Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD)

  14. Reproductive Challenges Infertility and Reproduction • Infertility • inability to conceive after 12 months of regular intercourse • In vitro fertilization (IVF) • Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) • Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) • Adoption - screened in/out couples

  15. Reproductive Challenges Caring for Children • Increased diversity of adopted children and adoptive parents • Effective parenting of adopted children • Be supportive and caring • Be involved and monitor the child • Be a good communicator • Help the child develop self-control • Face challenges with a positive approach

  16. Heredity and Environment Behavior Genetics • Behavior genetics • Influence of heredity and environment on individual trait and developmental differences • Twin studies • compare behavioral similarity of identical (monozygotic) twins with behavioral similarity of fraternal (dizygotic) twins • Adoption studies

  17. Heredity and Environment Heredity and Environment • Heredity-environment correlations • Passive genotype-environment • Evocative genotype-environment • Active (niche-picking) • Heredity-environment interaction has complexities • Individuals influence environments, yet individuals “inherit” environments

  18. Heredity and Environment Nature and Nurture • Shared environmental experiences • Siblings’ common experiences • Parents, family orientation, SES, neighborhood • Nonshared environmental experiences • The unique child

  19. Heredity and Environment The Epigenetic View • Development is the result of ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment. • Conclusions About Heredity-Environment Interaction • Operate cooperatively • Relative contributions are not additive • Many complex behaviors have some genetic loading

  20. 2 The End

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