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The Language and Technique of Filmmaking II

The Language and Technique of Filmmaking II. 6. Lenses A. Focal length - distance from film to surface of lens Wide angle (short lens) < 35 mm Wide field of vision. Subject seems far. In extreme, called "fisheye." "Normal" ~50 mm Telephoto (Long lens) > 60 mm

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The Language and Technique of Filmmaking II

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  1. The Language and Technique of Filmmaking II • 6. Lenses • A. Focal length - distance from film to surface of lens • Wide angle (short lens) < 35 mm • Wide field of vision. • Subject seems far. • In extreme, called "fisheye." • "Normal" • ~50 mm • Telephoto (Long lens) • > 60 mm • Narrow field of vision. • Subject seems close. • Zoom - variable focal length

  2. Examples of short and long lenses' fields of vision

  3. Wide Angle (short) lens

  4. B. Aperture/diaphragm - size of opening

  5. C. Depth of field - the range of distance in front of the lens that appears in focus. • The following contribute to a large DOF (allowing a "deep focus" shot): • 1. wide angle lens (short lens) • 2. greater ambient light • 3. smaller aperture (large F-stop)

  6. Deep focus/large DOF (Citizen Kane with Agnes Moorehead)

  7. Shallow focus/Small DOF

  8. Shallow focus/Small DOF (The Little Foxes with Bette Davis & Herbert Marshall’s stand-in)

  9. D. Other focus terminology • Rack the lens/selective focusing/focus pull • Follow focus • Soft focus

  10. Soft focus

  11. 7. Film stock • Film size (8mm, l6mm, 35mm, 70mm, l05mm) • "Fast" film

  12. 35 mm film

  13. 16 mm film

  14. 8. Editing • A. Classical Editing/Cutting to continuity • l. Decoupage + Montage

  15. 8. Editing • A. Classical Editing/Cutting to continuity • l. Decoupage + Montage • 2. Master shot/Establishing shot (usually LS)

  16. Establishing shot

  17. 3. Eyeline match (and the Kuleshov Effect)

  18. 3. Eyeline match (and the Kuleshov Effect)

  19. 3. Eyeline match (and the Kuleshov Effect)

  20. 4. Shot-Reverse-Shot series

  21. 5. l80o system Yes No

  22. 6. Reactions shots

  23. “Springtime for Hitler” number from The Producers (1968)

  24. Reaction shot

  25. 7. Invisible editing, e.g.: • dissolves • orientation cuts • cut on action • continuity (visual + sound)

  26. 8. Consideration of legibility & centripetal decay Relatively low legibility (complex mise en scene)

  27. Relatively high legibility (simple mise en scene)

  28. 8. Consideration of legibility & centripetal decay A B

  29. B. Sequence shot (long takes) • C. Parallel Editing (includes cross-cutting) • D. Montage Editing/"Thematic Montage" • E. Flashbacks

  30. 9. Sound • A. Equipment • Mic selection (directional, non-directional)

  31. 9. Sound • A. Equipment • Mic selection (directional, non-directional) • Boom

  32. 9. Sound • A. Equipment • Mic selection (directional, non-directional) • Boom • Double-system sound recording for “production sound”/production track

  33. 9. Sound • A. Equipment • Mic selection (directional, non-directional) • Boom • Double-system sound recording for “production sound”/production track • However--most sound is added in “post”. . .

  34. B. Post-production techniques • VO (voiceover) narration The late Don La Fontaine

  35. B. Post-production techniques • VO (voiceover) narration • Postdubbing/Dubbing/Looping/ADR

  36. B. Post-production techniques • VO (voiceover) narration • Postdubbing/Dubbing/Looping/ADR • Sound effects (“real” and synthetic)

  37. B. Post-production techniques • VO (voiceover) narration • Postdubbing/Dubbing/Looping/ADR • Sound effects (“real” and synthetic) • Foleying (after Jack Foley) UCLA Foley room

  38. Examples of Foley effects • Effect How it's made • Galloping horses Banging empty coconut shells together • Kissing Kissing back of hand • Punching someone Thumping watermelons or raw meat • High heels Foley artist walks in high heels on wooden platform • Bone-breaking blow Breaking celery • Footsteps in snow Squeezing a box of corn starch • Thunder Flapping an aluminum sheet • Star Wars sliding doors Pulling a piece of paper from an envelope • Star Trek sliding doors Flare gun plus sneakers squeak • Bird flapping its wings Flapping a pair of gloves • Grass or leaves crunching Balling up audio tape • Car crash Shaking a metal box filled with wood and metal scraps • Fire Rapid opening and closing of an umbrella along with the crackle of thick cellophane • Most from Wikipedia.com

  39. C. Stylistic techniques • Sound design/the sound designer • Talkovers/overlapping dialogue • Sound bridging (for continuity) • Sound montage

  40. D. Soundtrack music • Diegetic vs. nondiegetic music • Musical [leit]motifs • Mickeymousing • Music licensing & composers’ agreements

  41. Let’s watch some clips from Citizen Kane that exemplify these sound and music characteristics (and many other things as well!). . .

  42. end

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