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The Respiratory System: Breath deeply the air of knowledge

The Respiratory System: Breath deeply the air of knowledge. Chpt 23. Respiratory System. Function : supply body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide. Requirements. pulmonary ventilation (movement of air into and out of lungs) external respiration (gas exchange between blood and lungs)

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The Respiratory System: Breath deeply the air of knowledge

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  1. The Respiratory System:Breath deeply the air of knowledge Chpt 23

  2. Respiratory System • Function: supply body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide

  3. Requirements • pulmonary ventilation (movement of air into and out of lungs) • external respiration (gas exchange between blood and lungs) • transport of respiratory gases (via blood) • internal respiration (gas exchange between blood and cells)

  4. 5 Functions of the Respiratory System • Provides extensive gas exchange surface area between air and circulating blood • Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs • Protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment • Produces sounds-speaking, singing • Helps maintain pH

  5. Anatomy of the Respiratory System Figure 23–1

  6. Anatomy: Nose Functions • provides airway for respiration • moistens and warms entering air • filters air • serves as a resonating chamber for speech • houses olfactory receptors

  7. Mucus

  8. Nasal Structures • External nose: bridge, root, dorsum nasi, apex, external nares, alae • Nasal cavity: nasal septum, internal nares (aka posterior nares or choanae), hard palate, soft palate, vestibule (with sebaceous and sweat glands and vibrissae) • Mucous membranes of the nasal cavity • olfactory mucosa (with smell receptors) • respiratory mucosa- secrete sticky mucus with antibacterial substances • Conchae- superior, middle, and inferior; help to trap particles

  9. Sinuses • Paranasal sinuses • Frontal • Sphenoid • Ethmoid • Maxillary • Function to lighten skull & warm and moisten the air

  10. The Nasopharynx • only an air passageway • during swallowing, closed off by the soft palate and uvula to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity • pseudostratified ciliated columnar • Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

  11. The Oropharynx • swallowed food and inhaled air • palatine & lingual tonsils • stratified squamous

  12. The Laryngopharynx • Inferior portion of the pharynx • stratified squamous • where resp. and dig. pathways diverge

  13. Larynx aka voice box • Functions • open airway • switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channels • voice production via vocal cords

  14. Larynx aka voice box Anatomy • 9 cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments (8 are hyaline) • 9th cartilage is the epiglottis- elastic; closes over trachea during swallowing • Vocal folds aka true vocal cords- avascular; vibrate as air passes through them to produce sound • Medial opening between vocal folds is the glottis

  15. Anatomy of the Trachea Figure 23–6

  16. Trachea aka windpipe10-12 cm long; 2.5 cm diam • Layers of tracheal wall (internal to external) • Mucosa- pseudostr. ciliated columnar • submucosa • adventitia- with 16-20 rings of C-shaped hyaline cartilage, allowing flexibility

  17. Trachea aka windpipe • 15–20 tracheal cartilages: • strengthen and protect airway • discontinuous where trachea contacts esophagus • Ends of each tracheal cartilage are connected by: • an elastic ligament and trachealis muscle • The carina (“keel”) marks the point where the trachea splits into the 2 primary bronchi (approx T7).

  18. The Bronchial Tree • R and L primary bronchus • Secondary (lobar) bronchi- 3 R, 2 L • About 20 smaller branches • Bronchioles- less than 1 mm in diameter

  19. The Respiratory Zone: thin-walled alveoli (clustered into the alveolar sacs) where gas exchange occurs

  20. Lungs • apex- narrow, superior tip • base- concave, inferior surface on diaphragm • L lung 2 lobes- upper and lower separated by oblique fissure • R lung 3 lobes- upper, middle, and lower separated by the horizontal and oblique fissures • Each lung lobe is divided into 10 bronchopulmonary segments

  21. Lung lobes

  22. Relationship between Lungs and Heart Figure 23–8

  23. Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes Figure 23–8

  24. Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes • 2 pleural cavities: • are separated by the mediastinum • Each pleural cavity: • holds a lung • is lined with a serous membrane (the pleura)

  25. The Pleura • Consists of 2 layers: • parietal pleura • visceral pleura • Pleural fluid: • lubricates space between 2 layers

  26. Pleurae (membrane around the lungs) Parts of the parietal pleura. (parietal pleura in blue; visceral pleura in purple)

  27. Grab a copy of the article: Struggling to Inhale • ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS • There are 2 different words for croup. List them and write what they each mean. • Explain how the virus that causes croup causes infection. • What is the treatment for croup? • What is a cricothyrotomy? Explain how doctors perform these. • What type of infection did the older patient have?

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