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Understanding the Criminal Justice System

Explore the historical punishment methods, ideologies, and the evolution of American prisons from overcrowded and inadequate conditions to the introduction of the reformatory era and the federal prison system.

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Understanding the Criminal Justice System

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  1. Understanding the Criminal Justice System CJUS 101 Chapter 11: The American Prison Experience

  2. Prison • Historical punishment - brutality was used - corporal punishment a. English system - notorious for brutality - banishment (1) Colonial punishment - stocks / stakes / dunking / branding / hanging / burning

  3. Prison (2) Punishment ideology - some type of retribution - enemies of society - changing in 17th century b. Reformation period - French, Italian, English philosophers (1) Classical School of Criminology - Cesare Beccaria / Voltaire - condemn the system

  4. Prison (2) Outlined new philosophy (a) Presumption of innocence (b) Punishment used is retribution (c) Severity should be limited (d) Corresponds to crime (3) Pleasure / pain principle

  5. Prison - choose pleasure over pain - must give pain to stop crime • American prisons - William Penn (1662) - Pennsylvania - limited death penalty - fines / imprisonment / flogging a. High Street Jail - constructed work houses

  6. Prison - made inmates work - pay debt to society (1) Overcrowded (2) Inadequate staff / conditions b. Walnut Street Jail (1776) - Quakers / jail reform - single cells (6’ x 8’) - worst prisoners

  7. Prison (1) Began “separate system” - prisoners in single cells (2) Built first penitentiaries - named for “penitence” (remorse) - prisoners in single cells (a) Eastern Penitentiary (b) Western Penitentiary

  8. Prison c. Auburn system - New York (1) Prison conditions - striped uniforms - water drops for torture - talk only when answering guard - time to contemplate life / crimes (2) First workshops - learn skills

  9. Prison - money for prison (3) Most prisons followed Auburn style - interior cells - bars - two or four bunks (4) Most important goal - production - to bring in money for prison

  10. Prison d. Contract systems - businesses contracted work - inmate labor was cheap (1) Piece / price system - inmate paid for finished product - inmate paid minimal (2) Lease system - left facility for the day - worked in community

  11. Prison - prisons made money (3) State account system - prison sold goods - paid inmate what they wanted (a) Labor unions - pressured state government - only sell articles in state (b) Only sell to state agencies

  12. Prison • Reformatory era - treatment philosophy - introduced 1870 to 1910 - therapy / rehabilitation a. History (1) Alexander Maconochie - England’s Norfolk Island prison - began Mark System - inmates earned points

  13. Prison (2) Walter Crofton - Irish system - Indeterminate Sentence (a) Began in solitary confinement - showed good behavior (b) Into group setting - hard work / good behavior (c) Outside prison to work

  14. Prison - “ticket of leave” b. First reformatory - El Mira, New York (1876) - youth / young adults - first time offenders (1) Failed in 1910 - overcrowding - hard-core inmates - Washington Correctional Center

  15. Prison (2) Reformatory ideal - safe, secure, conditional release - education, vocational training c. Industrial prisons - return to production of goods - work was best treatment (1) Not go out of state - into open market - sold to government agencies

  16. Prison (2) Changing prison - 1960s / 1970s - focused on individual once more - treatment / education (a) 1980s - concept of law and order - told to “lock them up” • Federal prison system - early 1900s: housed in state prisons

  17. Prison a. 1891: authorized federal prisons - by 1905: Atlanta / Leavenworth b. 1930: Federal Bureau of Prisons • Jails and detention centers a. Local jail facilities (city / county) - hold adult offenders b. Detention centers

  18. Prison - county facilities to hold juveniles c. Similar problems - overcrowding / understaffed / low morale / poorly training / under educated - disciplinary action / “political issue” (1) To ease overcrowding - work release / weekends / early release / electronic monitoring

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