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THE GLOBAL CLIMATE

THE GLOBAL CLIMATE. WEATHER. The condition of atmosphere at any particular time and place. It’s always changing. Precipitation, June 28 2010. CLIMATE. The synthesis of weather, the average weather of a region over a period of time. Annual average precipitation.

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THE GLOBAL CLIMATE

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  1. THE GLOBAL CLIMATE WEATHER The condition of atmosphere at any particular time and place. It’s always changing Precipitation, June 28 2010 CLIMATE The synthesis of weather, the average weather of a region over a period of time Annual average precipitation

  2. CLIMATE AND WEATHER IN MONGOLIA Weather Temp Jan 2010 (synthesis of weather of 30 days) Temp January (synthesis of 30 January: 1971-2000)

  3. CLIMATE AND WEATHER IN CHINA HEAVY RAINS IN SOUTHERN CHINA • Rains from May 31st – June 2nd (> 230 mm) • June 13th -21st more rainfall (~ 1000 mm) • Landslides and floods • More than 200 deaths, thousands of homes destroyed Prec June 2010 (weather of ~10 days) Precipitation June (synthesis of 30 Junes: 1971-2000) June 2010: >1230 mm June 1971-2000: 282 mm Anomaly: 948 mm ~430% above normal CLIMATE VARIABILITY

  4. CLIMATE AND WEATHER IN ARKANSAS (US) HEAVY RAINFALL IN SOUTHWEST ARKANSAS • June 11, several inches of rainfall (~178 mm in one day) • Deadliest weather-related event in Arkansas since a tornado in 1997 • River level rose as 2.4m an hour after heavy rains Prec June 11 (weather of 1 day) Anomaly: above normal CLIMATE VARIABILITY Precipitation June (synthesis of 40 Junes: 1961-2000)

  5. CLIMATE IN THE PERUVIAN ANDES 1984 flood Interanual variability of climate Climatologies (Averages 1950-2000) 1982-83 drought

  6. TEMPERATURE REGIMES • Based on: • Latitude • Landmass (continental, maritime) • EQUATORIAL: Uniform, very warm, no seasons (uniform insolation) 2. TROPICAL COAST Weak annual cycle (moderating effect of maritime location) 3. MIDLATITUDE WEST COAST 4. TROPICAL CONTINENTAL 5. MIDLATITUDE CONTINENTAL Strong annual temperature cycle 6. SUBARTIC CONTINENTAL Strong annual temperature cycle, severe cold all year 7. ICE SHEET

  7. GLOBAL PRECIPITATION

  8. CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION 1. LOW LATITUDE CLIMATES • Influence of cT, mT, mE air masses • Equatorial low pressure and subtropical high pressure belts, ITCZ • Tropical cyclones 2. MIDLATITUDE CLIMATES • Interaction of mT and cP air masses (polar front) • Wave cyclones 3. HIGH LATITUDE CLIMATES • Influence of cP and cA air masses (Northern Hemisphere), mP and cAA air masses (Southern Hemisphere) (CLASS EXERCISE)

  9. KöPPEN CLIMATES OF THE WORLD One of the most used climate classification. Based on the concept that native vegetation is the best expression of climate. Combines annual and monthly temperature and precipitation, and the seasonality of precipitation

  10. LOW LATITUDE CLIMATES • Wet Equatorial • Monsoon and trade-wind coast • Wet-dry tropical • Dry tropical • High-elevation WET EQUATORIAL (10°N to 10°S) • Heavy precipitation and uniform temperatures • all months • ITCZ, mE, mT air masses Amazon Basin (Iquitos, Peru)

  11. RAINFOREST ENVIRONMENT • Uniform temperature and high rainfall • Wet equatorial and monsoon trade-wind • Dense forest vegetation • Thick soil rich in nutrients • Great diversity of plant and animal species: • 3000 species of trees in ~ 4mi² • 20,000 species of insects in ~6mi² • Issues: • Deforestation (climate change) • Slash/burn agriculture

  12. MONSOON AND TRADE-WIND COASTAL CLIMATE (5° to 25°) • Heavy precipitation with seasonal pattern • Warm all year, annual cycle • mT and mE brought by trade winds • Rainfall intensifies when ITCZ is nearby • (summer is close, winter: high pressure), trade-wind • Monsoon circulation brings mT air • SW to NE (Western India) monsoon Sao Paulo, Brasil

  13. WET-DRY TROPICAL CLIMATE (5° TO 20° America, 10 to 20° in Asia) • Very dry and warm season in winter. Very wet and cold during summer • ITCZ produce stronger rainfall and temperature cycle Nagpur, India

  14. SAVANNA ENVIRONMENT • Plants bloom in rain period and have a dormant phase during dry season • Vegetation: savanna woodland and grass savanna • Animals: large herbivores and predators

  15. DRY TROPICAL (15° to 25°) • Very low rainfall (only during unusual weather conditions) • High temperatures • Found in the center and east side of subtropical high pressure cells • (adiabatic warming no condensation)

  16. HIGHLAND CLIMATES • Mountains and plateaus • Cold climate (higher: colder) • Orographic rainfall Lagunillas (Titicaca Lake Basin, Southern Peru)

  17. LOW LATITUDE CLIMATES • Wet Equatorial • Monsoon and trade-wind coast • Wet-dry tropical • Dry tropical

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