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Chapter 11

Chapter 11. Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase. The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus. Establishment of Rome. Legend of Romulus and Remus Rome Founded 753 BCE Indo-European migrants c. 2000 BCE Bronze c. 1800 BCE, Iron c. 900 BCE. The Etruscans. Originally from Anatolia

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Chapter 11

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  1. Chapter 11 Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

  2. The Mythical Founding of Rome:Romulus & Remus

  3. Establishment of Rome • Legend of Romulus and Remus • Rome Founded 753 BCE • Indo-European migrants c. 2000 BCE • Bronze c. 1800 BCE, Iron c. 900 BCE

  4. The Etruscans • Originally from Anatolia • Colonized Roman regions • Society declines late 6th c. BCE • Greek maritime attacks • Celtic invasions from north

  5. Influence of the Etruscans • Writing • Religion • The Arch

  6. The Kingdom of Rome • Monarchy through 7th-6th c. BCE • Streets, temples, public buildings • Major center of trade routes

  7. Establishment of the Republic • 509 BCE Romans overthrow last Etruscan king • Roman forum built • Republican constitution • Executive: 2 consuls • Senate

  8. Social Conflict • Patricians (aristocrats) • Plebeians (commoners) • Major class conflict 5th c. BCE • Plebeians allowed to elect tribunes for representation • Rights expanded through 3rd c. BCE • Constitution allowed for dictators to be appointed in times crises

  9. Cincinnatus-Model Dictator

  10. Expansion of the Republic • Dominated Etruscans • Took over iron industry 5th-4th c. BCE • Expansion via military threat and incentives • Tax exemptions • Trade privileges • Citizenship

  11. Hannibal’s Route

  12. The Punic Wars • Conflict with Carthage, 264-164 BCE • Three major wars over Sicilian grain supply • Later conflict with declining Hellenistic Empires • Rome dominates Mediterranean by middle of 2nd C. BCE

  13. Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems • Land distribution • Perennial problem • Development of large plantations - latifundia • Unfair competition for smaller landholders

  14. Expansion of the Roman republic to 133 BCE

  15. The Gracchi Brothers • Tiberius and Gaius • Attempted to limit land holdings of aristocrats • Assassinated • Development of private armies made up of landless peasants • Gaius Marius (with reformers) • Lucius Cornelius Sulla (with aristocrats)

  16. Civil War • 87 BCE Gaius Marius takes Rome • Lucius Cornelius Sulla drives Marius out 83 BCE • Reign of terror follows

  17. Julius Caesar • Nephew of Marius • Escapes Sulla’s terror • Relatively young, well-timed trip abroad • Rises in popularity • Public spectacles, victories in Gaul • Attacks Rome 49 BCE • Names self Dictator for life in 46 BCE

  18. Caesar’s Policies • Centralized military, governance under personal control • Redistribution of land to war veterans, other allies • Major building projects reduce urban unemployment • Extended citizenship to provinces • Aristocrats threatened, assassinate Caesar in 44 BCE

  19. Augustus • Civil conflict follows death of Caesar • Power belongs to Octavian • Octavian defeats Mark Antony & Cleopatra • Takes title Augustus 27 BCE

  20. Augustus’ Administration • Monarchy disguised as a republic • Increasing centralization of political, military power • Stabilized empire • Death in 14 CE

  21. Expansion and Integration of Empire • Roman occupation of increasingly remote areas • Gaul, Germany, Britain, Spain • Coordination of crop production, transport of natural resources • Developed infrastructure, cities emerge

  22. The Roman Empire, about 117 CE Page 308 Bentley 4e

  23. Pax Romana: “Roman Peace” • 27-250 CE • Facilitated trade, communication • Roadwork • Curbs • Drainage • Flat paving stones • Milestones • Postal service

  24. Roman Aqueducts

  25. Roman Roads: The Appian Way

  26. The Roman Forum

  27. Roman Law • Twelve Tables, c. 450 BCE • Adapted to diverse populations under Roman Rule • Innocent until proven guilty • Right to challenge accusers in court

  28. Commercial Agriculture and Trade • Latifundia: production for export • Regional specialization increases • Integration of Empire-wide economy • Mediterranean Sea: Mare Nostrum, “our sea”

  29. The City of Rome • Cash flow • Taxes, tribute, spoils, commerce • Massive construction projects • Statuary, monumental architecture, aqueducts • Technology: concrete

  30. Roman Attractions • Imported goods • Underground sewage • Circus Maximus • 250,000 spectators • Colosseum • Gladiatorial Games

  31. Roman Latrine

  32. Circus Maximus

  33. Circus Maximus

  34. The Roman Colosseum

  35. The Colosseum Interior

  36. Family and Society • Pater Familias: “father of the family” • Right to arrange marriages, sell children into slavery • Women not allowed to inherit property • Rarely enforced

  37. Wealth and Social Change • Newly rich challenge aristocracy • Yet poor class increasing in size • Distraction: “Bread and Circuses”

  38. Slavery • 2nd c. CE: estimated at 1/3 of Empire population • Customary manumission at age 30 • Agricultural work, quarries, mines • Chain labor • Revolt under Spartacus, 73 BCE

  39. Roman Deities • Polytheistic • Major gods • Absorption of gods from other cultures

  40. Cicero and Stoicism • Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-46 BCE) • Major orator, writer • Influenced by Greek thought • Proponent of Stoicism

  41. Mithraism • From Zoroastrian myth: god of Sun, light • Roman version emphasizes strength, courage, discipline • Women not admitted into cult • Appealed to military • Cult of Isis also popular

  42. Judaism in Early Rome • Jewish monotheism at odds with most ancient cultures • Refusal to recognize state gods • Repeated Jewish rebellions • Romans finally crush Jewish self-governance in Jewish Wars (66-70 CE)

  43. Synagogue at Capernaum

  44. The Essenes • Messianic Jewish Cult • Baptism • Ascetic lifestyle • Dead Sea Scrolls

  45. Jesus of Nazareth • Jewish teacher • Moral code, reputation for miracle-working • Sermon on the Mount • “Kingdom of God is at hand” • Romans fear instigation of rebellion, crucify Jesus

  46. Jesus’ Early Followers • Belief in Jesus’ resurrection, divine nature • Title Christ: “Anointed One” • Teachings recorded in New Testament

  47. St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles

  48. Paul of Tarsus • Extends teachings far beyond Jewish circles • Traveled widely throughout the Roman Empire • Missionary activity

  49. The Rise of Christianity

  50. Early Christian Communities • Local leaders: Bishops • Regional variation in doctrine and ritual • Nature of resurrection • Role of women • Gradual acceptance of core texts

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