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Review of Wheelock Chapters 23-24

Review of Wheelock Chapters 23-24. What is a participle?. A participle is a verbal adjective Adjective formed from the VERB stem Most verbs have FOUR participles Present active Perfect passive Future active and passive Participles will ALWAYS match another noun.

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Review of Wheelock Chapters 23-24

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  1. Review of Wheelock Chapters 23-24

  2. What is a participle? • A participle is a verbal adjective • Adjective formed from the VERB stem • Most verbs have FOUR participles • Present active • Perfect passive • Future active and passive • Participles will ALWAYS match another noun

  3. How are participles like verbs? • They can take objects • Having broken the lamp with the chair ... • They have tense and voice (present, active) • While walking the dog ….

  4. How are participles like adjectives? • They modify nouns or pronouns • And thus agree in G(ender) N(umber) and C(ase!) • Can stand alone as a substantive • Those (men) coming to the door were very angry.

  5. Present active participle (PAP) • Steps: • Take the present stem • Add –ns (for the nominative) –ntis (for genitive) • Decline like a 3rd DECLENSION • Translate ______ing • PreseNT has the NT • An agent is a person DOING something Ago, agere N: agēns (doing) N: agentēs/ agentia G: agentis (of doing) G: agentium D: agentī D: agentibus Ac: agentem/ agēns Ac: agentēs/ agentia Ab: agentī, e Ab: agentibus

  6. Perfect Passive Participle (PPP) • Step: • Take the participle stem (4th principal part) • STOP • Translate “having been _______ed” • Decline like a 2-1-2 noun • An act is something “has been done” • Ago, agere, egiactum • Actum, a, us “having been done”

  7. Future Passive Participle (FPP) • Steps: • Take the present stem • Add ndus, a, um • Translate “about to be ______” • Decline like a 2-1-2 noun • An agenda is full of things that are ‘about to be done’ • Ago, agere, egi, actum • Agendus, a, um- “about to be done”

  8. Future active participle (FP) • Steps: • Take the participle stem (4th PP) • Add urus, ura, urum • FutURe has the UR • Translate “about to ____” • Decline like a 2-1-2 noun • Ago, agere, egi, actus • Acturus, a, um “about to do”

  9. Sequence of Tenses • Present participle= SAME time with the main verb • Perfect participle= time BEFORE the main verb • Future participle= time AFTER the main verb • Participles are best translated according to tense- but sequence of tenses is very important when we get to indirect statement!

  10. Functions of Participles • Attributive • Circumstantial • Absolute • Periphrastic

  11. Attributive Participles • Most basic • Modify a noun or pronoun • Does NOT take a direct object • Example: Videōequumcurrentem. (I see the running horse)

  12. Functions of Participles • Attributive • Circumstantial • Periphrastic • Absolute

  13. Circumstantial Participles • Like attributive participles but they take OBJECTS • Best translated by breaking off the participle into a participial phrase/clause with commas • Servituteliberatus, servusdeditdonafeminae. Having been freed from servitude, the slave gave gifts to the woman.

  14. Functions of Participles • Attributive • Circumstantial • Periphrastic • Absolute

  15. Passive Periphrastic / Gerundive of necessity • Future passive participle + form of ‘sum’ • Translate ‘ought to be _____ed’, ‘must ______’ • Haecfeminaamanda est. • This woman must be loved.

  16. Dative of Agent • Passive periphrastic has a dative of agent • Hic liber mihilegenduserit. • This book will have to be read by me. OR I must read the book.

  17. Functions of Participles • Attributive • Circumstantial • Periphrastic • Absolute

  18. Absolute Participles • Like circumstantial participles in that they can take objects • Absolute participles allow us to have TWO subjects in one sentence • Often separated with commas in English • After Rome was seen, the woman rejoiced.

  19. Ablative Absolutes • Since Latin does not use commas it separates this clause with an phrase in the ablative • An ablative absolute is formed with: • The subject in the ABLATIVE • Participle in the ABLATIVE • With Rome having been seen, the woman rejoiced. • Romāvisā, feminagaudebat.

  20. Ablative Absolute • To translate the ablative absolute we often have to add little words: • When the participle is in the PRESENT often translate with ‘when’ • Eō imperium tenente, eventumtimeō. • With him holding the power, I fear the outcome. • WHEN he holds the power, I fear the outcome.

  21. Ablative Absolute • When in the PERFECT often translate with ‘after’, ‘since’ or ‘although’ • Hīs rebus auditīs,coepittimēre. • With these things having been heard, he began to fear. • After these things were heard, he began to fear. • Romāvisā,feminagaudebat. • Since Rome was seen, the woman rejoiced. • Although Rome was seen, the woman rejoiced.

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