EVOLUTION REVIEW Chapters 22-24

1. EVOLUTIONREVIEWChapters 22-24 Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006

2. Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in a specific environment fitness Inherited characteristic that increases and organism’s chances for survival adaptation

3. Natural variation in population provides basis for natural selection to act Describe the main points of Darwin’s theory of evolution Overproduction of offspring forces competition for resources (struggle for survival) Organisms best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce; Other organisms die or leave fewer offspring (survival of the fittest/natural selection) Species alive today have descended with modification from ancestral species that lived in the distant past All organisms are united into a single “tree of life” (common descent)

4. evolution Change in a population over time Differences among individuals within a species Natural variation

5. Structures that develop from the same embryonic tissues, but have different mature forms Homologous structures Organs that are historical remnants of structures that had important functions in ancestors Vestigial organs

6. fossil Preserved remains of an ancient organism Islands that Darwin visited on his voyage on the Beagle that started him thinking about how organisms change over time Galapagos

7. One species of spotted skunk mates in late summer, and another mates in late winter. This is an example of a _____ zygotic reproductive barrier called ______________ isolation pre temporal http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/19/ch19summary.html http://www.zwani.com/graphics/antivalentines_day/images/4heart.gif http://www.horton-szar.net/clipart/animals4.php

8. Concept that each living species has descended with changes from other species over time Descent with Modifications Idea that organisms that are best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce Survival of the Fittest

9. Type of distribution curve shown by polygenic traits Bell-shaped curve(OR normal distribution) Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

10. GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF APHYSICAL ADAPTATION Webbed feet, horns, antlers, claws, feathers, wings, camouflage, . . . . there are a million GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF ABEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION Nocturnal (coming out at night); Flying south for the winter, living in herds, “wagon train” defense; burrowing; hibernation

11. When humans select and breed animals with certain useful traits from the natural variation in the population Artificial selection Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments Convergent evolution

12. Book published by Charles Darwin in which he proposed a mechanism and provided evidence for his Theory of Evolution “On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection” Process by which related organisms evolve differences when they are isolated in different environments Divergent evolution

13. The bones in the diagrams below are examples of ____________ structures Homologous http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html

14. Naturalist who gave Darwin incentive to publish his ideas about evolution by writing an essay that described similar ideas. Alfred Russel Wallace French naturalist who hypothesized that organisms acquire traits during their lifetime through use or disuse which can be passed on to offspring Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

15. Explain what was incorrect about Lamarck’s Inheritance of Acquired Traits hypothesis Genes determine which traits are passed on; unless genes are changed the acquired trait will only show in the original organism Explain what was correct about Lamarck’s Inheritance of Acquired Traits hypothesis First theory about evolution; Organisms do change and adapt to their environments

16. Male fireflies of one species signal females of the same species by blinking their lights in a specific pattern. Other firefly species have different patterns. This is an example of a _____ zygoticreproductive barrier called ______________ isolation pre Behavioral http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/19/ch19summary.html http://www.webweaver.nu/clipart/insects2.shtml

17. Name 3 kinds of evidence that supports Darwin’s THEORY OF EVOLUTION Fossils Geographic distribution Homologous structures Vestigial organs EmbryologyDNA Pseudogenes Artificial selection Can see natural selection work antibiotic resistance, new diseases,

18. One species of garter snake is primarily aquatic, while another closely related species is primarily terrestrial. This is an example of a _____ zygoticreproductive barrier called ______________ isolation pre Habitat http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/19/ch19summary.html http://www.zwani.com/graphics/antivalentines_day/images/4heart.gif http://www.animalpicturesarchive.com/animal/

19. The idea that all species, living and extinct, were derived from a common ancestor Common descent What Darwin called natural selection? Survival of the fittest

20. Measuring lima beans and finding beans come in different sizes is an example of ____________ Natural variation The practice of breeding dogs to produce offspring with specific traits is an example of _________________ artificial selection

21. Vestigial organs A human’s appendix and a skink’s legs are examples of _______________ How would Lamarck explain these giraffes with longer necks? Giraffes stretched their necks to reach food in tall trees and this acquired characteristic is passed on to their offspring. Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006

22. How would Darwin explain these giraffes with longer necks? Populations naturally have individuals with different sizes of necks (natural variation) The ones with longer necks are better able to get food, survive, and pass on their longer neck alleles. Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006

23. micro Evolutionary change on the smallest scale like new strains of HIV evolving from current HIV virus is called ______ evolution Which variable is used to represent the frequency of the dominant allele in a Hardy Weinberg problem? p

24. According to this diagram, modern whales have a vestigial pelvis and femur. What does this suggest about ancestors of modern whales? Ancestors of modern whales had legs and walked on land Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006

25. beaks The adaptations in species of finches that Darwin observed on the Galάpagos Islands were different shaped _____________ Why did Darwin first hesitate to publish his ideas about evolution? His findings challenged fundamental scientific beliefs at the time

26. A possible explanation for a set of observations or a possible answer to a scientific question Change in the DNA sequence of anorganism due to mistakes in replication or damage from radiation or chemicals hypothesis mutation

27. Who is the scientist that proposed the idea that forces which have been changing the Earth are still at work? Charles Lyell Who realized that human populations were increasing and said eventuallythere would not be enough food andspace for everyone? Thomas Malthus

28. Whales and wolves share a common ancestor, but have evolved to look very different. This is an example of _____________ evolution. divergent What do we call genes that havelost their function due to mutations? pseudogenes

29. Tell one piece of evidence that suggests human chromosome #2 evolved by joining 2 smaller ancestor chromosomes. Banding pattern matches It has telomeres in the middle instead of just at the ends. It has an extra inactive centromere instead of just one.

30. Human arm, bird wing, whale flipper Give an example of homologous structures Give an example of a pseudogene youlearned about Vitamin C gene in primates,genes for “smell” in humans

31. A well supported, testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world is called a ______________ Name the ship that Darwin spent 5 years on traveling around the world. theory H.M.S. Beagle

32. Who is the scientist that proposed the idea of that forces have been changing the Earth and have been at work for millions of years? James Hutton Who is the scientist that proposed the idea of “Inheritance of Acquired Traits”? Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

33. Who is the scientist that proposed an idea about evolution which prompted Darwin to publish his theory? Alfred Wallace When lions prey on a herd of antelope, some antelope are killed and some escape. Which part of Darwin’s theory of evolution might be used to describe this situation? Survival of the fittest; natural selection

34. Explain what was incorrect about Lamarck’s Inheritance of Acquired Traits hypothesis TRAITS ARE DETERMINED BY GENES; ACQUIRED TRAITS ARE NOT PASSED ON Explain what was correct about Lamarck’s Inheritance of Acquired Traits hypothesis LIVING THINGS CHANGE OVER TIME TO BEST FIT THEIR ENVIRONMENTS

35. Adaptive radiation Another name for divergent evolutionis ________________ What Darwin called “survival of the fittest” _________________ Another name for “struggle for existence” is _______________ Natural selection competition

36. Darwin’s concept of evolution was influenced by all of the following EXCEPT A. the work of Charles Lyell and James Hutton B. his collection of specimens and fossils C. his knowledge of the structure of DNA D. his voyage around the world E. Malthus’s ideas about populations and resources C. Darwin didn’t know about DNA!

37. Whales and sharks are not closely related, but have evolved to have similar body shapes and fins because they live in similar environments. This is an example of _____________ evolution. convergent

38. TELL THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE HOLDS TRUE: Random mating LARGE population NO mutations NO movement IN OR OUT NO natural selection

39. All of these statements about the structure of human chromosome #2 provide evidence for evolution EXCEPT A. Its banding pattern matches the pattern seen on two smaller chimp chromosomes B. It has telomeres in the center, as well as at the ends C. It carries a functional gene for making vitamin C D. It has an extra non-functional centromere C. Humans have a nonfunctional vitamin C making gene, and its not on chromosome #2

40. Name the type of selection shown in the diagram below. Directional selection Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

41. Traits controlled by two or more genes Polygenic trait Process by which related organisms evolve differences when they are isolated in different environments Divergent evolution OR Adaptive radiation

42. Natural variation Measuring lima beans and finding beans come in different sizes is an example of ____________ Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments or to solve similar problems Convergent evolution

43. Stabilizing In _____________ selection, individuals near the center of a normal curve of distribution have higher fitness than those at the extremes Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

44. A change in a DNA sequence caused by a mistake in DNA replication or exposure to radiation or chemicals mutation Changes in the allele frequencyin a small population that are dueto random chance and don’t followthe laws of probability Genetic drift

45. All the genes, including all the different alleles, in a population Gene pool A situation in which the allele frequencies in a population do NOT change and the population does NOT EVOLVE Genetic equilibrium

46. A change in allele frequencies due to the migration of a small subgroup of a population to a new place Founder effect Idea that allele frequency will remain constant unless one or morefactors cause those frequencies to change Hardy-Weinberg Principle

47. pre The copulatory organs of two insect species do not fit together. This is an example of a _____ zygotic reproductive barrier called ______________ isolation mechanical http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/19/ch19summary.htm lhttp://newhaven828.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8347ae50569e200e5538e3c2e8834-320pi

48. Tell the 2 equations needed to solve Hardy Weinberg problems p + q = 1 P2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 The number of times a certainallele occurs in a gene pool compared to the number of times other alleles for the same gene occur Relative frequency

49. Mutations caused by mistakes in copying DNA caused by radiation or environmental chemicals Gene shuffling during meiosis crossing over independent assortment Tell two sources of genetic variation in populations

50. disruptive In ___________ selection, individuals at the extreme ends of the normal distribution curve have higher fitness than those near the center of the curve Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006