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DNA Technology

DNA Technology. DNA Extraction. Chemical treatments cause cells and nuclei to burst The DNA is inherently sticky , and can be pulled out of the mixture This is called “spooling” DNA. “Spooled” DNA. Cutting DNA. Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences

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DNA Technology

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  1. DNA Technology

  2. DNA Extraction • Chemical treatments cause cells and nuclei to burst • The DNA is inherently sticky, and can be pulled out of the mixture • This is called “spooling” DNA

  3. “Spooled” DNA

  4. Cutting DNA • Restriction enzymescut DNA at specific sequences • Useful to divide DNA into manageable fragments

  5. Electrophoresis • DNA can be separated based on size and charge • The phosphate groups are negatively charged • DNA is placed in a gel and electricity is run through

  6. Electrophoresis • Negative DNA moves toward the positive end • Smaller fragments move farther and faster

  7. Electrophoresis

  8. Steps in DNA Sequencing • Many copies of a single strand of DNA are placed in a test tube • DNA polymerase is added • A mixture of nucleotides is added some of which have dye molecules attached • Each base (A,T,C,G) has a different color dye

  9. Steps in DNA Sequencing • By chance, some dyed nucleotides & some regular ones are added • Dye molecules are large and stop the chain from growing

  10. DNA Sequencing • The result is DNA fragments of multiple sizes with colors that can be identified

  11. DNA Sequencing • After the gel separates the resulting fragments by size, we 'read' the sequence from bottom to top.

  12. Copying DNA • Polymerase Chain Reaction • Also called PCR • A method of making many copies of a piece of DNA

  13. Steps in Copying DNA • A DNA molecule is placed in a small test tube • DNA polymerase that can work at high temps is added

  14. Steps in Copying DNA • The DNA is heated to separate the two strands • Primers, short pieces of DNA complementary to the ends of the molecule to be copied, are added

  15. Copying DNA • The tube is cooled, and DNA polymerase adds new bases to the separated strands

  16. PCR Large amounts of DNA can be made from a small starting sample

  17. Cloning • Clone- a member of a group of genetically identical cells • May be produced by asexual reproduction (mitosis)

  18. Cloning organisms • A body cell from one organism and an egg cell from another are fused • The resulting cell divides like a normal embryo

  19. Cloning “Dolly”

  20. Human Genome Project

  21. Human Genome Project • Started in 1990 • Research effort to sequence all of our DNA (46 chromosomes) • Over 3.3 billion nucleotides • Mapping every gene location (loci) • Conducted by scientists around the world

  22. HGP Insights • Only 2% of human genome codes for proteins (exons) • Other 98% (introns) are non-coding • Only about 20,000 to 25,000 genes (expected 100,000) • Proteome – organism’s complete set of proteins • About 8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) – places where humans differ by a single nucleotide • About ½ of genome comes from transposons (pieces of DNA that move to different locations on chromosomes)

  23. Benefits of Human Genome Project • Improvements in medical prevention of disease, gene therapies, diagnosis techniques … • Production of useful protein products for use in medicine, agriculture, bioremediation and pharmaceutical industries. • Improved bioinformatics – using computers to help in DNA sequencing …

  24. Benefits of Genetic Engineering

  25. Biotechnology - • The use of gene science to create new products from plants and animals

  26. BiotechnologyProvides: • Improved food products • Medical advances • An enhanced environment

  27. Herbicide Resistant Crops • Soybeans: Roundup Ready • Corn: Roundup Ready, Liberty Link • Cotton: BXN, Roundup Ready • Canola: Liberty Link, Roundup Ready + CP4 EPSPS = Roundup gene Ready

  28. Biotechnology Breakthroughs • Insulin (1982) • First commercial biotech product • Reliable, inexpensive source of insulin • Rice • Enriched with beta-carotene and iron • Bananas • Containing edible hepatitis vaccine

  29. Biotechnology Breakthroughs • Potatoes with higher solid content • Garlic that lowers cholesterol • Fruits and vegetables that reduce risks of cancer and heart disease

  30. Environmental Benefits • Reduced pesticide use • Lower energy requirements • Cleaner water • Less soil erosion

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