Human Population

1. Human Population

2. Human Population Growth: Historical Perspectives Early Hunter Gatherers Nomadic - strong sense of the Earth Rise of Agriculture Animals became extinct via predation and altered habitat Agriculture gave rise to cities Food became a commodity produced in the country, consumed in the city Food wastes no longer returned to the soil Soil becomes less productive Waste becomes concentrated in cities

3. Human Population Growth: Historical Perspectives • Industrialization • Children valued as cheap source of income and cheap labor in early years of industrialization • Exponential growth of industrialized populations at the start of the industrial revolution • By 1900s, birth rate in industrialized nations dropped • Now, the growth rate of industrialized/developed nations is less than that of developing nations • The average world population growth is currently a little over 1% per year, with higher percentages in developing nations and lower in developed nations

4. World Population Growth DVD

6. MI L L I O NS

8. Current World Population Global population was approximately 6,700,000,000 as of November 2008 • The global population grows by: • Over 2.0persons per second • Over 8,000 persons per hour • Over 200,000 persons per day • Over 73 million persons per year

9. How Much is a Billion? • 1,000 seconds = 16.7 minutes • 1 million sec = 16,677 min = 11.6 days • 1 billion sec = 11,574 days = 31.7 years

10. History of World Population Growth • 1804 = 1 billion people • 1927 = 2 billion people • 1961 = 3 billion people • 1974 = 4 billion people • 1987 = 5 billion people • 1999 = 6 billion people • 2011 = 7 billion people (projected)

11. Human Population Dynamics Three sources of change in population size • Fertility • Mortality • Migration

12. Population Pyramids • Bar graph • Shows the age and gender composition of a region • Horizontal axis: gender • male: left-hand female: right-hand • Vertical axis: age • Easy way to see demographics

13. Population Pyramid Example: Young Cohorts

14. Population Pyramids • The previous slide showed a country with lots of young people • This is most likely from a developing nation • See book page 1103 for other examples • Notice the difference between developing nation pyramids and those of industrialized nations

15. Tracking the baby-boom generation in the United States

16. Human Population Growth • The demographics of the populations in developing nations is a concern because of the large percentage of individuals of child-bearing age • The planet can only support a limited number of people (carrying capacity) • Remember I = P x A x T • Should population growth be controlled? • If so, how?

17. Empower Women • Women tend to have fewer and healthier children when • they have access to education and paying jobs outside home • their society doesn’t suppress women’s rights • Currently, women own less than 1% of the world’s land, receive only 10% of the world’s income and are excluded from most economic and political decision making • In the U.S., women earn $0.77 for every $1.00 earned by men • Women make up 51% of the U.S. population and less than 25% of U.S. senators, representatives, state governors and Federal judges • Women do most of the work, however

18. Provide Family Planning • Reduces children's social services needs • Reduces risk of childbearing deaths • Reduces both legal and illegal abortions • Women often want to limit their pregnancies but have no access to contraceptives • Services not always accessible to female teenagers and sexually active unmarried individuals • If developed countries provided $17 billion/year, and each person paid $4.80/year, the average family size would be 2.1 and world population would be 2.9 billion • There has been controversy with U.S. family planning policy in developing countries

19. What is the Family Planning Issue? The United States has made a commitment to improve the quality of life all around the world. The U.S. has been impacting the issues of HIV/AIDS and overpopulation for over a quarter of a century. National policy has been strongly impacted by debate over funding family planning in other countries.

20. ‘Mexico City Policy’ or the Global Gag Rule • Enacted by Regan in 1984, Clinton lifted the policy, but reenacted when Bush was voted into office. • Stops family planning aid to any foreign non-governmental organization that uses non-U.S. funds to provide abortion services or information or advocates • abortion-law reform. • According to the Washington Post, two of the largest distributors of contraception [in Kenya], Family Health Options Kenya and Marie Stopes Kenya, did not provide abortions (which are illegal in Kenya). They were, however, subsidiaries of London-based parent organizations whose members helped provide abortions in other countries. Together, the two groups had to close five family planning clinics after losing U.S. funding . • Since the Mexico City Policy was reinstated by President Bush in 2001, the U.S. government has stopped family planning and contraceptive donations in twenty different African, Asian and Middle Eastern nations. • Women all around the world are being prevented from making choices about their bodies and their health because they do not have any options.

21. What is going on now? Although in September 2007 the Senate voted to repeal Mexico City policy, Bush threatened to veto. The 2008 foreign aid budget bill that passed will be spending over 500 billion dollars to help other nations but will also be reinstating Mexico City Policy. The bill will increase funding to Planned Parenthood and needle exchange programs. Priority will now be given to family planning programs rather than ‘abstinence-only’ programs. The budget bill is receiving praise and criticism from all sides of the issue. This is an interesting case of environmental, social, political, economic and religious views impacting a legislative decision.

22. Cutting Global Population Growth • United Nations Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, 1994 • 8 goals to be met by 2015 • Replacement level fertility can be met in 15-30 years as shown by Japan, Thailand, South Korea, Taiwan and China • Three approaches: • Invest in family planning • Reduce poverty • Elevate the status of women

23. Global Inequities

24. Global Inequities • Basic needs are not available for 1 in 6 people today • More than 1 billion people survive on less than one dollar per day; nearly 3 billion people live on less than $2 a day • Situation has worsened since 1980 • The richest 20% of the world • Consume 45% of all meat and fish • Consume 58% of total energy • Have 74% of all telephone lines • Consume 87% of all paper • Own 87% of the world’s vehicles • Worldwide, over 45,000 people die each day of starvation, 38,000 of them children

25. The World is a Village of 100 web video

26. Human Needs &Global Spending • The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, the World Policy Forum, and the World Game Institute developed a budget for “human” versus military needs • They calculated the total cost to achieve the following global goals

27. Provide shelter = $21 billion • Eliminate starvation and malnutrition = $19 billion • Provide clean, safe water = $10 billion • Eliminate nuclear weapons = $7 billion • Eliminate land mines = $4 billion • Eliminate illiteracy = $5 billion • Provide refugee relief = $5 billion • Stabilize the population = $10.5 billion • Prevent soil erosion = $24 billion • Estimated total global budget for human needs = $105.5 billion • Where we actually spend our money is for the global military budget = $900 billion

28. World on Fire web video

29. U.S. Spending • Consider the “Oreo Analogy” from Ben Cohen of Ben & Jerry’s • 1 cookie = $10 billion • US military budget/Pentagon = 40 cookies • K-12 education = 3.5 cookies • World hunger = 1 cookie • Alternative energy = 0.25 cookies • Children’s health care = 4 cookies • Head Start = 0.75 cookies • If an average of one cookie were added to each “human” needs category in the U.S., there would still be 35 cookies for the Pentagon, and the “human” needs categories would be satisfied • The country with the closest amount of military spending is Russia with 7 cookies; China is next with 5 cookies

30. Even in the U.S., the wealth gap has grown significantly Of all the high-income nations, the US has the most unequal distribution of wealth The richest 1% of Americans combined earned as much after taxes as the poorest 100 million Americans combined (1999) In Corvallis, 1% of rentals are considered “affordable” (data from HUD, 2008) Read Nickel & Dimed to see what it is like to live on the Federal minimum wage Wealth Gap: U.S.