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Ovine and Caprine Surgery

Chapter 16. Ovine and Caprine Surgery. “It’s not that I’m so smart, it’s just that I stay with problems longer.” ~ Albert Einstein. Objectives. basic differences between standing surgical procedures and general anesthesia procedures. Prepare a sheep or goat for surgery.

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Ovine and Caprine Surgery

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  1. Chapter 16 Ovine and Caprine Surgery

  2. “It’s not that I’m so smart, it’s just that I stay with problems longer.” ~ Albert Einstein

  3. Objectives basic differences between standing surgical procedures and general anesthesia procedures. Prepare a sheep or goat for surgery. Assist and/or perform induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Provide anesthetic monitoring. Manage the patient during recovery and immediate postoperative periods. basic risks and possible complications associated with anesthesia and surgery, and implement preventive measures when indicated.

  4. Key Terms • Buck odor • Descenting • Elastrator • Fly strike • Hypoglycemia • Laparotomy • Malacia • Meningitis • Supernumerary teats • Tetanus • Trocar • Urinary Calculi

  5. Reading Assignment Chapter 16: Sheep and Goat Surgeries

  6. Surgery Similar to cattle NPO: Food - 12 to 24 hours; don’t withhold water Lambs and kids: consuming solid food material - fasted for 2 to 4 hours. Fasting is not recommended in neonates. Low risk of regurgitation as rumen/reticulum not functional Hypoglycemia is common

  7. Local Anesthetic Sheep, and goats especially, are more sensitive to lidocaine. May be toxic at 10 mg/kg (cattle > = 13 mg/kg) total dose. Do not use in concentrations greater than 2%. Dilute to 0.5 – 1% lidocaine toxicity: muscular tremors, severe depression, hypotension , occasionally convulsions

  8. Blocks L block Most common A 18- to 20-gauge × 1 to 1 1/2 inches in length Procedure same as cattle  Paravertebral block: don’t need trocar A 18- to 20-gauge × 1 1/2- to 3-in spinal needle Use 0. 2 to 5 ml of lidocaine per site Distal paravertebral approach: 20- to 22-gauge × 1-in needle, 2 to 4 ml

  9. Local Blocks

  10. Docking (~91 %), castrating (~78%), and disbudding are management practices routinely performed on sheep and goat farms. • Maintaining a high standard of animal welfare should be a consideration in all decisions related to docking, castrating, and disbudding.

  11. Cornuectomy

  12. Blocks (cont’d) Cornual nerve block Goats: Dual nerve supply Lacrimal nerve – cornual branch Depth: 1 to 1.5 cm A 22- to 23-gauge × 1-in needle 0.5 – 1 ml for kids; 2-4 ml adults Infratrochlear nerve – cornual branch Depth: 0.5 cm A 22- to 25-gauge needle 0.5 ml for kids; 1-3 ml adults Sheep are rarely dehorned. Lacrimal nerve – cornual branch

  13. Anesthesia for dehorning in the goat. A, Needle placement for desensitizing the cornual branch of the lacrimal nerve. B, Needle placement for desensitizing the cornual branch of the infratrochlear nerve

  14. Blocks (cont’d) Intravenous regional analgesia (Bier Block) A 22- to 25-gauge needle Up to 10 ml of anesthetic Caudal epidural analgesia A 18- to 21-gauge × 1- to 1 1/2-inch needle for caudal epidural Not > than 0.5 – 1 ml of 2% lidocaine/ 50 kg. body weight of sheep and goat

  15. General Anesthesia Same concerns as with cattle Inhalant gases Facemask induction < 150 lb Oxygen (3 to 5 L/min) is given for 1 to 2 minutes before introducing anesthetic gas Halothane – 3 - 4% Isoflurane – 3% Sevoflurane 4 – 6% Endotracheal: 10 to 12 mm in adults Heart rate: 80 to 150 beats per minute Pre – anesthesia: diazepam – ketamine - propofol

  16. General Anesthesia (cont’d) Long blade laryngoscope

  17. Castration • Usually done in week 1 • Urinary calculi • Can wait till 5-6 months in pets to reduce incidence of urinary calculi • Castrate before sexual maturity • Adults • Hemorrhage • Sedated

  18. Castration Done in the same manner as calves with a blade Age Goats and sheep: 2 to 4 weeks of age Pigs: 1 to 21 days of age Anesthetic None is needed for sheep, cattle, pigs, or goats Should give tetanus antitoxin to goat and sheep Can use antibiotics as preventative Sheep and goats can be banded (emasculator bands)

  19. 10 days later

  20. (cont’d) Emasculatone: spermatic cord Emasculator bands

  21. Castration – small ruminants Burdizzo emasculatome Crushes the spermatic cord which crushes the blood vessels (thus depriving the testicles of blood supply) and causing them to shrivel up and die Don’t use cattle-size Burdizzo By six weeks of age

  22. Newberry Knife

  23. Dehorning US: dairy goats cannot be registered/ shown if they have horns Disbudding: heat cautery

  24. Dehorning (cont’d)

  25. Tail Docking: Sheep Reasons Improve sanitary conditions: Wool gets saturated with urine and feces Increase productivity in ewes: Tail will not get in the way when bred Appearance: Show animals Age Before 2 weeks of age Can do it 24 hours after birth if lambs are big

  26. Tail Docking (cont’d) Reasons to dock early Less trauma and stress Less bleeding Types of tail docking Sharp pocket knife Emasculatone Emasculator Hot docking irons Elastrator Pruning shears

  27. Tail Docking (cont’d) Procedure Place tail on firm base. Cut 1 inch from body. Closer can cause prolapse Force skin toward body so excessive skin will cover end when done. Place the knife on the tail, and cut between the vertebra with a forward and downward motion. Spray with iodine. Pinch dock between fingers, if excessive bleeding.

  28. C-Section Left flank with the female in right lateral recumbency The head should not be elevated L block Clip and surgical preparation Neonates Clear the airways Confirm pulse and respiration Dry and warm Treat the umbilical cord Close with multilayer suture Antibiotics and anti-inflammatories

  29. Supernumerary Teats Serrated scissors Cut craniocaudal

  30. Descenting Removes buck odor Rut : urinate head, beard, forelegs castration Primary scent glands Caudomedial base of each horn Performed at any age They may be removed during the dehorning procedure by extending the skin incisions to include them. At other ages: Under sedation and local anesthesia Sutures can be used to close the skin Breeding females may reject males that lack this scent.

  31. Disbudding: The electric iron is now being used to destroy the scent gland areas on this male kid. The white arrow indicates the location of the second scent gland that will be burned next.

  32. References • K Holtgrew-Bohling , Large Animal Clinical Procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 2nd Edition, Mosby, 2012, ISBN: 97803223077323

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