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Discuss. What were the goals of the French Revolution?. Goals. Liberty Equality of all citizens before the law Class & gender Equal taxation Religious toleration Abolition of serfdom Citizens having more involvement in government KEEP THESE GOALS IN MIND!.

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  1. Discuss • What were the goals of the French Revolution?

  2. Goals • Liberty • Equality of all citizens before the law • Class & gender • Equal taxation • Religious toleration • Abolition of serfdom • Citizens having more involvement in government • KEEP THESE GOALS IN MIND!

  3. Phases of the French Revolution • 1. Moderate Stage 1789-1792 • 2. Radical Stage 1792-1794 • Ends with the execution of Robespierre: July 28, 1794 • 3. Return to Moderate/Conservative 1794-1799 • Want stability without losing Revolutionary ideas • Constitution of 1795 • The Directory • Corrupt • Enemies from left and right • 4. Age of Napoleon 1799-1815 L R

  4. Napoleon Bonaparte

  5. Discuss: What is communicated by these two paintings? What do you predict will happen to Napoleon Bonaparte?

  6. Discuss: What is communicated by these two paintings? What do you predict will happen to Napoleon Bonaparte?

  7. Early Life • Born in Corsica; son of lawyer and Florentine nobility • Studied at military school in France • Rose quickly through the military ranks; deep knowledge of history, law, and military strategy

  8. Rise of Napoleon • At 25, promoted to general; 2 years later became commander of French armies in Italy • With the coup d'état of 1799, overthrew the Directory and became first consul (dictator) • Crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I in 1804

  9. The Coronation of the Emperor Napoleon I, by Jacques-Louis David New crowns – the originals were lost during the revolution Napoleon’s mother didn’t attend, but Napoleon told David to include her in the painting Pope Pius VII is shown giving his blessing David’s painting shows Napoleon crowning the Empress Josephine on December 2, 1804.

  10. Discuss 1. How is Napoleon portrayed in this painting? 2. How does the painting glorify and legitimize the Empire? Real size: 20 x 32 feet

  11. Domestic Policies • Establish peace with the Catholic Church in 1801 • Recognized Catholicism as the religion of the majority • In return, church would not get land back • Napoleon gets to appoint bishops Discuss: • Napoleon was a man of the Enlightenment, meaning he believed in reason more so than religion • Why would it be in his best interest to make amends with the Catholic Church?

  12. Napoleonic Code • His most famous domestic achievement was his codification of laws in 1804 • All people were declared equal before the law. There were no longer any special privileges for Nobles, Churchmen, or wealthy • Ended feudal rights • Guarantees trial by jury • Guarantees religious freedom • The Napoleonic Code was a step back for women & children • Women close control of property, can’t testify in court; makes divorce difficult • Fathers are allowed to imprison their children

  13. Jacques-Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps, 1800-1801

  14. How did France Change Under Napoleon? • Using your notes & the handout, list some of the changes Napoleon made to France. • Then, explain whether or not these changes coincide with the original goals of the Revolution

  15. Napoleon’s Empire: Rise & Fall

  16. 1809: Napoleon Dominates Europe • From 1805-1807 Napoleon’s Grand Army was used to gain control over his Grand Empire • Consisted of 3 major parts: • French Empire • Dependent States • Kingdoms ruled by relatives of Napoleon • Spain, Italy, German states • Allied States • Countries defeated by Napoleon then forced to join him against Britain • Austria, Prussia, Russia

  17. 2 Reasons for Napoleon’s Fall 1. Failure to conquer Britain 2. The Rise of Nationalism

  18. The Continental System

  19. Napoleon’s Defeat • Beginning of his downfall: 1812 he invaded Russia due to their trading policy with Britain • Russia uses a scorched-earth policy • Only 40,000 of the 600,000 in Napoleon’s army survive the retreat back west

  20. Napoleon’s Defeat • Monarchs in Europe took advantage of these defeats and end alliances with France • The Bourbon monarchy is restored with Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI • Napoleon sent into exile on the island of Elba

  21. 100 Days • 1814-1815, Louis XVIII makes many enemies • 1815: Napoleon again takes control of France, rules for 100 days • Prussia, Britain, and Netherlands raise armies, pledge to defeat the “Enemy and Disturber of the Tranquility of the World.” • Napoleon is defeated on June 18, 1815 at Waterloo in Belgium • Again, Napoleon is exiled, this time to St. Helena, where he remains until his death.

  22. “Vive l’Empereur” or “Enemy and Disturber of the Tranquility of the World”? • When Napoleon returned to France, troops shouted “Vive l’Empereur!” (Long live the Emperor!), allowing Napoleon to once again take control over Paris • His enemies throughout Europe, however, were vowing to defeat the “Enemy and disturber of the tranquility of the world” • Which would you be shouting in 1815? Why?

  23. With a partner… • 1. Confirm your definition of “democratic reformer” • 2. Confirm your definition of “autocratic dictator” • 3. Add to your list of Goals of French Revolution & Actions of an Autocrat

  24. Goals of French Rev. Actions of an Autocrat

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