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Aspects of Plant Breeding

Aspects of Plant Breeding. The plant breeding industry. Private sector: primarily for profit (Monsanto, Pioneer..) Cost of research innovation Market structure Market organization (eg. Roundup Ready ® ) High economic return Public sector Social concern Less economic value

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Aspects of Plant Breeding

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  1. Aspects of Plant Breeding

  2. The plant breeding industry • Private sector: primarily for profit (Monsanto, Pioneer..) • Cost of research innovation • Market structure • Market organization (eg. Roundup Ready®) • High economic return • Public sector • Social concern • Less economic value • Long term research • Minor crops • Germplasm conservation and preservation • Training, education, exchange of information

  3. Achievements of modern plant breeders (crops) 1.Yield increase 2. Enhancement of compositional traits (nutrition, vitamins etc..) 3. Crop adaptation (drought, cold etc..) 4. Landscape

  4. 1. Yield increase Generally due to: high-yielding disease resistant environmentally responsive cultivars. biotechnologie-vegetale SUSVEG-Asia Tomato

  5. 2. Enhancement of compositional traits • starch in potato • pro- vitamin A in rice • Functional food Stephanie Tremp

  6. 3. Crop adaptation • Drought, frost, cold tolerance • Chilling (e.g. Peach) • Maturity • Photoperiod Craterostigma plantagineum.

  7. 4. Landscape • Speed to flower • Uniformity of bloom • Consistency of flower • Disease resistance • Stress resistance • Flower size • Flower color • Foliage color maintenance • Durability during shipping • Many more... Prunuspersica 'Bonfire' Source: panamseed

  8. Creation of blue rose was achieved introducing blue color-related enzyme gene from pansy. Blue carnation "Moon dust" created by similar process, is now on the market in Japan (AP Photo/Shizuo Kambayashi)

  9. Breeding Aims • Producer • Retailer • Consumer

  10. Example: Begonias Dr. Manfred Mehring-Lemper

  11. Maturity

  12. Flower color and form

  13. Uniformity B. semperflorens

  14. Example: Poinsettias

  15. How do I meet those goals?! • Breeding • classical breeding methods (together with molecular breeding tools). • Breeding strategies • Hybrids • Tissue culture • Genetic engineering • recombinant DNA technology

  16. Hybrid vs Open Pollinated

  17. Two Main Types Seed Open Pollinated (OP) Seed F1 Hybrid Seed Developed by crossing very closely related “sibling” plants One Inbred Line Needed for Production Grown in Large Fields Pollinated by Bees/Wind Includes Self Pollinations and Cross Pollinations Inexpensive to Produce Developed by crossing distinctly different, unrelated plants 2 Inbred Lines Needed for Production Grown in Greenhouses Usually Hand Pollinated Cross Pollinations Only Very Expensive to Produce (Terminator technology)

  18. F1 Hybrid Seed • Uniform Germination • Unique Color Opportunities • Uniform Flower Timing • More Predictable • Hybrid Vigor!

  19. What Is Hybrid Vigor? Also known as “Heterosis” Hybrid vigor is… “The condition is which a hybrid exceeds the performance of its parents for one or more characters.” Source: Principles of Cultivar Development, Theory and Technique, Volume 1, Walter R. Fehr, 1993.

  20. So What Does That Mean? Basically, Hybrid Vigor (Heterosis) is a phenomenon that can occur when you cross two unrelated inbred plants. When these two parents cross, their DNA combines in a certain way. The two parents compliment each other so well that the offspring they create are often dramatically better than either parent.

  21. An Example of Hybrid Vigor Photo from Texas A&M Maize (Corn) Breeding Program

  22. Putting It All Together… • Plant Breeders work to develop uniform, inbred parent lines. • In production, these inbred parents should reliably donate the same sets of chromosomes and genes each time they are used in a cross. • That way we can sell very uniform hybrid seed, with predictable flower color and vigor.

  23. First Hybrid worldwide?! B. semperflorens ‘Primadonna’, 1908

  24. Plant Breeding: Art and Science + ? =

  25. Thank you very much for your attention! May 27th: no class!! June 3rd: Engelmann- tour June 10th: Classical Breeding

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