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Comparison of Drosophila Genomes

Comparison of Drosophila Genomes. Li-Lun, Ho. D. melanogaster vs. D. yakuba. D. yakuba genome is assembled in Apr, 2004. D. yakuba genome has 14 times higher recombination rate than D. melanogaster in the telomeric region of the X chromosome.

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Comparison of Drosophila Genomes

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  1. Comparison of Drosophila Genomes Li-Lun, Ho

  2. D. melanogaster vs. D. yakuba D. yakuba genome is assembled in Apr, 2004. D. yakuba genome has 14 times higher recombination rate than D. melanogaster in the telomeric region of the X chromosome. The result indicates a relaxation of purifying selection of deleterious mutation in the melanogaster lineage and a manifestation of positive selection in the yakuba lineage. (Genetics 153: 1285-1296, 1999) (Begun et.al., 2004)

  3. The Relationships between DNA Recombination and Telomeres 1.The reduction of recombination rates in the telomeric regions of D. melanogaster results in the reduction of the selection efficacy. (Genetics 153: 1285-1296, 1999) 2. The D. melanogaster 2L chromosome has 22, 217,913 base pairs and the D. yakuba 2L chromosome has 22,678,881 base pairs. 3. Drosophila telomeres break the some cardinal rules of telomeres. (Genome Biology 3(10) 1-7, 2002.) a. Telomere maintenance in Drosophila is not performed by the canonical telomerase (primary end protection or capping function) but by a unique transposition mechanism. b. Two non LTR retrotransposable elements, HeT-A and TART telomere associated retrotransposons, are specifically located at the end of chromosomes.

  4. Homology of Retrotransposon Mol. Bio. Evo. 21(9): 1620-1624, 2004.

  5. c. Truncated Drosophila telomeres can be maintained and passed on both somatically and through the germ line, despite their progressive erosion over generations in the absence of HeT-A or TART element. 4. TART and HeT-A elements have been performing the cellular function of telomere maintenance for more than 60 million years. Mol. Bio. Evo. 21(9): 1620-1624, 2004. a. The evolutionary origin of telomeric retrotransposons remains controversial. However, it has been suggested that the common features of these elements result from the convergent evolution but not from evolution from a common ancestor. b.TAHRE, a novel telomeric retrotransposon from Drosophila melanogaster, reveals the origin of Drosophila telomerase.

  6. Telomere Structures Genome Biology 3(10) 1-7, 2002 Annu. Rev. Genet. 2003. 37:485–511

  7. Aim 1. To find out if there is any correlation between transposable element and recombination rate of D. melanogaster and D. yakuba chromosome 2L. 2. To find out which transposable element is more significant in DNA recombination. 3. If there is any correlation, what factor affects DNA recombination rate more? (position, number, type of transposable elements)

  8. Retrotransposon gene trees of D. melanogaster and D. yakuba Mol. Bio. Evo. 21(9): 1620-1624, 2004

  9. THARE Location in D. melanogaster chromosome 2L Mol. Bio. Evo. 21(9): 1620-1624, 2004

  10. Number of Retrieved Copies of the D. melanogaster Transposable Elements Analyzed Genome Res. 12: 400-407, 2002

  11. Correlation between Transposable Element and Recombination Rate in D. melanogaster genome Genome Res. 12: 400-407, 2002 LTR retrotransposons Non-LTR retrotransposons TE densities Transposons

  12. Results from Previous Studies The density of LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons was high in regions with low recombination rates. The density of transposons was significantly negatively correlated with recombination rates.

  13. Density of LTR Retrotransposons according to the recombination rate on different chromosomes in D. melanogaster Genome Res. 12: 400-407, 2002

  14. Comparison of Numbers of Transposon in D. melanogaster and D. yakuba

  15. Distribution of transposable elements in D. melanogaster and D. yakuba Telomeric region Centromeric region

  16. Distribution of transposable elements in D. melanogaster and D. yakuba Telomeric region Centromeric region

  17. Distribution of transposable elements in D. melanogaster and D. yakuba Telomeric region Centromeric region

  18. TART Element Distribution From UCSC genome website

  19. Detection of Recombination within Telomeric region of Chromosome 2L

  20. Methodology of TOPALi Mol. Bio. Evo. 20(3): 315-337, 2003

  21. Detection of DNA Recombination Rate

  22. Can I find some sequences within telomeric regions which can build up a gene tree closer to species tree?

  23. Evolutionary Species Tree

  24. Trees Generated by TOPALi DSS 1-190000 DSS 95000-190000 DSS 95000-190000 HMM 1-190000 HMM 1-95000 HMM 95000-190000

  25. Trees derived from TOPALi DSS 150,000-190,000 DSS 100,000-150,000

  26. Trees derived from TOPALi DSS 1-40000

  27. Mosaic Structures • TOPALi can not create mosaic structure diagram on the data set.

  28. Conclusions 1. The intron length may also affect recombination rate of chromosome. 2. The scanning window should be adjusted either longer or shorter region on the chromosome. 3. The telomeric region of other long chromosomes (2L, 3L, 3R) should be examined to verify the the correlations between DNA recombination rate and transposable element. 4. The chromosome recombination rate map of D. yakuba needs to be built up.

  29. Possible Alternative Method 1. PDM (Probabilistic divergence measure).

  30. Acknowledgement • Dr. Webb Miller • Dr. Claude dePamphilis

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