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Mapping worldwide environmental and health inequalities

Mapping worldwide environmental and health inequalities. Anna Barford University of Sheffield. with Danny Dorling, Mark Newman, John Pritchard, Graham Allsopp and Ben Wheeler. Cholera deaths.

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Mapping worldwide environmental and health inequalities

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  1. Mapping worldwide environmental and health inequalities Anna Barford University of Sheffield with Danny Dorling, Mark Newman, John Pritchard, Graham Allsopp and Ben Wheeler

  2. Cholera deaths Territory size shows the proportion of worldwide deaths from cholera that occurred there, in 2004 or most recent.

  3. Maps of inequality • Inequality is “Social disparity; the fact of occupying a more or a less advantageous position.” (OED, 2006) • Quick comparison between places • Position = social and geographical

  4. “… our own privileges are located on the same map as their suffering, and may – in many ways we might prefer not to imagine – be linked to their suffering, as the wealth of some may imply the destitution of others …” Susan Sontag (2003, p.92)

  5. Worldmapper project • 366 cartograms • Social, economic, and health data • Universities of Sheffield (U.K.) & Michigan (U.S.A.) • Free online: www.worldmapper.org

  6. Map reading • Colours for identification • Total land area is constant • Ocean area is constant • Read like a pie chart • Cannot map rates or negative values • Need data for every country (from UN)

  7. Connections • Health and pollution are linked • together (water pollution) • to other inequalities (wealth) • Pollution maps show half the story • Inequalities have a geography • How are people connected?

  8. Water pollution and health

  9. Poor Sanitation Territory size shows the proportion of all people without access to basic sanitation (toilets) that live there.

  10. Poor Water Territory size shows the proportion of all people without reliable access to safe water that live there.

  11. “Ask most poor people in the developing world what they need to escape a life of poverty and disease and top of their list will be clean water. Combine this with somewhere safe to go to the toilet and awareness of good hygiene practices and you have the foundation of all other development.” Barbara Frost, CEO of WaterAid

  12. Childhood Diarrhoea Territory size shows the proportion of worldwide cases of diarrhoea found in children aged 0-4 living there.

  13. “Cholera is spread by contaminated water and food. Sudden large outbreaks are usually caused by a contaminated water supply.” World Health Organisation, 2000

  14. Cholera Cases Territory size shows the proportion of all cholera cases that were found there, in 2004 or in the most recent year with data available.

  15. “When cholera occurs in an unprepared community, case-fatality rates may be as high as 50% … a well established diarrhoeal disease control programme can limit the case-fatality rate to less than 1%.” World Health Organisation, 2000

  16. Public Health Spending Territory size shows the proportion of spending on public health services that is spent there. Measured in purchasing power parity.

  17. Net Medicine Exports Territory size shows the proportion of net exports of medicine (in US$) that come from there. Net exports are exports minus imports.

  18. Health care workers Hospital beds Electricity supply Roads Under-nourishment Other relevant maps …

  19. Nitrous Oxide Emissions

  20. More on nitrous oxides • Nitric Oxide from combustion e.g. vehicle fumes • Nitric Oxide oxidises to Nitrogen Dioxide • Nitrogen Dioxide irritates lungs, lowers resistance to respiratory infections • High exposure may increase acute respiratory illness in children (Source: UK Air Quality Archive, 2007)

  21. Hazardous Waste(flammable, oxidising, infectious, radioactive, poisonous, ecotoxic (poisonous to plants/animals), or corrosive waste)

  22. Movement of Hazardous Waste to Abidjan Probo Koala sails under Panamanian flag. Registered owner is Celtic Legend Shipping Inc. of Norway. Manager & operator is Prime Marine Management of Greece. (Greenpeace) 3 dead; 3000 sought health care (intestinal and respiratory problems, nose bleeds, nausea and vomiting).(Relief Web, 07.09.06) Source: BBC News

  23. Nuclear Waste

  24. Our Nuclear Waste “we have a 50-year history in this country of not finding any long-term management option for very high-level, relatively dangerous radioactive waste.” Gordon McKerron, Committee on Radioactive Waste Management Source: BBC News, from NIREX

  25. Greenhouse Gases

  26. Greenhouse Gases • Distribution of greenhouse gas emission is likely to differ from distribution of effects • Places emit different greenhouse gases: Methane Carbon Dioxide

  27. www.worldmapper.org

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