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environmental mapping

environmental mapping. Ferjan Ormeling. Glossary of terms. Environment : geographical circumstances that influence (preserve, ameliorate, deteriorate) the human ecological system Ecology : study of organisms, their environment and the interactions between the two

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environmental mapping

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  1. environmental mapping Ferjan Ormeling cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  2. Glossary of terms • Environment: geographical circumstances that influence (preserve, ameliorate, deteriorate) the human ecological system • Ecology: study of organisms, their environment and the interactions between the two • Ecosystem: system of organisms and their environment, consisting of both biotic and abiotic factors • Environmental mapping: collection, processing and presenting data on the environment • Environmental maps: static/dynamic • Element maps/composite maps/synthesis maps cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  3. Glossary of terms, cont.-Environmental maps: maps visualising the distribution of and the spatial relationships between the various aspects (objects, phenomena) of the environment-Environmental maps (Leszczycki):-maps describing the environment of an area-maps of the degree of transformation of the environment-maps of the degradation and pollution of the environment-maps of the natural cataclysms of the environment cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  4. Glossary of terms, cont. • Environmental GIS: GIS filled with environmental datasets • Environmental atlas: conscious combination of environmental datasets made compatible and comparable to each other based on specific narrative/objective • Map functions: subdivision of maps based on their objectives • Map types: subdivision of maps based on their construction principles • Map categories: subdivision of maps based on their contents cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  5. Glossary of terms, contMap functions:-descriptive/management -evaluative -monitoring/forecasting -decision making (forecast+evaluation) -analysis/communication -cognition/insight -education -propagandaalways in combination with visualisation cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  6. Map categories (contents)-geology-landscape-water resources-climate-vegetation-fauna-cultural history-pollution-types of conservation measures cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  7. Aims of environmental mapping:-visualise conflict situations, -provide insight in possible impact of man-made developments, -explain environmental situations-compute surface areas, border lengths or ratio’s-communicate views-monitor processes-serve as arguments in decision support systems-serve as analysis tool cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  8. Start of environmental mapping in the 1960s: Pollution maps and inventory mapsPollution maps -aquatic -air -soil-Analytical environment maps of small areas-Single element mapping non-compatibel cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  9. Single elements maps • Distribution of Dactylis glomerata over Warrickshire according to habitat: woodland, hedgerow, scrub, bog, roadside, waste places, waterside (1960) cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  10. Pollution maps Water pollution map 1973, based on O2 saturation, NH3 % and biochemical O2 use Black triangle: sewage treatment plant cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  11. Sensor networks Rotterdamport area 1978-sensor poles cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  12. Sensor maps • SO2 concentration on the basis of national sensor network (isoline map) and incidental sensor car route (3D) • February 18, 1976, 15.00 GMT cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  13. Mapping change/monitoring Lichen deserts 1950-74 (Flechte-Wüste 1950-1974) cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  14. Integration of environmental aspects (1970s) and evaluationExample:Kromme Rijn area, Southeast Utrecht prov.Demonstration how, uniformly, data should be collected and processed for ecological evaluation, on the basis of rarity and diversity of soil and vegetation types cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  15. Soil map 1:50 000 Soil units and depth of water table cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  16. Soil diversity cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  17. Vegetation map 1:50 000 Greens: Grass Red and Yellows: Forests Pinks: Heaths Browns Arable land,tree nurseries +waste-lands cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  18. cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  19. cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  20. Evaluation map For every grid cell, diversity values and rarity values are combined cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  21. Evaluation map: legend Differentiation values vulnerability low high Areas with high rarity value Generally worthwhile Botanically worthwhile Ornithologically valuable cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  22. E cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  23. Evaluation criteria-rarity-type diversity-structure diversity-maturity-irreplaceability-vulnerability-susceptibility cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  24. Criticism on environmental mapping in the 60s and 70s- encroachment on non-highly evaluated areas- use by the un-initiated cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  25. Result, end of 70s:-Environmental mapping went underground-systematic and continuous collection of all environmental data, and -storage in environmental database, only to be used by experts.Dangers? cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  26. Summary • Evolution 1960-1980: -small to large areas -incidental to systematic -element maps to integrated maps -inflation in terminology -increased use of environmental maps -parochial effects cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  27. Topics of Discussion • Construction of environmental information systems -at local level -at provincial level -at state level • Compatibility -scale -geographical -topical • Clarity of overall objectives cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  28. Environmental mapping projects on local, regional and national bases • Aalten Municipality project (previously) • National forestry inventory (previously) • National landscape ecological mapping LKN • National project “the scale of the landscape” • Waterland • Provincial emergency mapping projects cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  29. Local initiatives -Detailed, ad hoc -Environmental Impact Reports/Assessment Studies Example Aalten municipality: • Inventory of all point, line and area elements of the vegetation • Location, species, age, status (present/future), quality (healthy/diseased) • Survey in 1x1 km squares cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  30. Point, line and area elements cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  31. Survey of landscape elements cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  32. Register mit Inventar der Punkt-, Linien- und Areal- elementen cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  33. Selektion von Elementen oder Kombinationen Alle Gebiets- elemente Alle Pappel Alle Linien- elemente All line elements cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  34. summary • Inventories are most time consuming: make use of existing inventories that can be modified/adapted like topographic maps • Make sure graphical qualities are adequate for the applications envisaged. • Make people aware of the data quality: what inaccuracies are caused by the selected processing procedures? Indicate the types of use the maps are suitable for. • Data needs in a European framework: compatibility and comparability for agricultural subsidies etc > Corine cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  35. Next Steps • Development of models (cf North Sea) • How to collect the environmental data and geo-reference them properly • How to store them in a GIS, taking account of the envisaged uses and resultant query types • How to visualise them • How to use them cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  36. Landscape ecological mapping in the Netherlands If phenomena are both susceptible and rare (and therefore have a high conservation value), they are vulnerable and in need of protection Grunddaten Seltenheit Empfindlichkeit cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university Verletzlichkeit

  37. CULTURAL ARTEFACTS V Lkn-detailed sources Grunddaten Empfindlichkeit Seltenheit Verletzlichkeit cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  38. test area: north part Utrecht province cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  39. Inventory map examples • Groundwater table per 2x2km grid cell • % forest which allows for rapid • Soils, etc estimation cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  40. Forest % Forests, soils soils cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  41. Susceptibility maps • Susceptibility of soils to fertilizer • Susceptibility of flora to groundwater lowering • Susceptibility of soils to exhaustion • Susceptibility of fauna to habitat fragmentation • etc cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  42. Vegetation to groundwater lowering Examples of susceptibility maps Soils to fertilizer or exhaustion > cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  43. Diversity or rarity maps Number of map units per grid cell compared to number of legend units per grid cell cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  44. Vulnerability maps Areas that are both susceptible and rare are vulnerable!! This map: Vulnerability of flora to groundwater lowering Size of area with vulnerability cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  45. Application of landscape ecological mapping system • Determination of route of high velocity rail system (TGV) A2 A1 C Vulnerability groundwater lowering Optional routes cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  46. Application of landscape ecological mapping system Determination of route of high velocity rail system (TGV) Vulnerability to fragmentation of mammal habitat (l) and birds to traffic increase cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  47. Number of cells affected for the three proposed routes Conclusion: A1 most unfavourable; A2 and C less unfavourable Fragmentation unfavourable in all 3 scenario’s cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  48. ApplicationsThe system enables quick, systematic, country-wide and flexible use of landscape-ecological data for decision support, evaluation and scientific research. It enables to match a-biotic and biotic data and deduce consequences of specific interventions. The data can be applied for:-various forms of land evaluation (susceptibility-, vulnerability- and suitability maps); -generating areal subdivisions; -interpretation and generalisation of monitoring-data; -prediction models for scenario analyses; -evaluation models and large environmental impact reports cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  49. Dominant geomorphological influences cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

  50. Dominant soil units cartography section, faculty of geosciences, utrecht university

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