Variations Stratégiques et Vieillissement

1. Variations Stratégiques et Vieillissement Patrick LEMAIRE Master 1 – EAV Novembre 2010

2. Positive PERFORMANCE Zero Negative AGE Age-related changes incognitive performance

3. What are the underlying mechanisms? - Quantitative Factors (Proc. Speed, WM, Inhibit°) - Qualitative Factors (e.g., CognitiveStrategies)

4. Cognitive Strategy : Definition • « Procedure or set of procedures to accomplish a high-level goal » (Lemaire & Reder, Mem&Cog, 1999, p. 365) • « Set of methods to accomplish a cognitive task » (Newell & Simon, GPS-book,1972, p. 127)

5. No Strat. Variations ------------------------------- Memory Glynn et al.,83; Rankin et al.,84; Rice & Meyer, 85; Wodd & Pratt, 87; Parkinson et al., 82; Hertzog & Dunlosky, 98 Language Cohen & Faulkner, 83; Stine, 96 Problem solv. Reason., and Decision Making Salthouse & Prill, 87; Salthouse, 87; Salthouse et al., 90; Lemaire & Arnaud, 2008 Strategic Variations ------------------------------ Memory Cimbalo & Brink, 82; Thomas, 85; Sanders et al., 80; Verhaeghen & Marcoen, 94 Language Adams et al., 90; Reder et al., 86 Problem solv. Reason., and Decision Making Charness, 81, 82; Salthouse et al., 88; Lemaire et al., 2004; Mata et al., 2007 STRATEGIC VARIATIONS AND COGNITIVE AGING

6. No appropriate conceptual framework ---------------------------- What are the right questions? No appropriate methodological approach ----------------------------- How to best investigate strategic variations? STRATEGIC VARIATIONS AND COGNITIVE AGING: Limits of previous works

7. Repertoire Distribution Execution Selection Aspects of Strategic Changes Changes Lemaire & Siegler, 95, JEP:Gen.

8. Age-related differences in Strategy Repertoire Do young and older adults use the same strategies to accomplish cognitive tasks?

9. Strategy identification methods Direct approach Indirect approach

10. Direct approach: Principle Collecting as many external behavioral evidence (verbal reports, video-recordings, direct observ°) of strategies as possible

11. Direct approach: Example of arithmetic 12 - 9 / 4 - 3 16 - 7 Direct Retrieval Finger Counting Arnaud & Lemaire, 2008 (Cortex)

12. Two-digit addition problem solving: Use of 9 strategies Lemaire & Arnaud, 2008 (AJP)

13. Effect of Age on Number of Strat. * Lemaire & Arnaud, 2008 (AJP)

14. Indirect approach: Principle « The use of multiple strategies is inferred from the patterns of speed and accuracy that arise as a function of the factors that define the stimulus set » (Lemaire & Reder, 1997, p. 365)

15. Indirect Approach: Example 1 8x5 < 41 vs. 8x5< 47

16. RT differences -> Strategy Differences Exhaustive verification Approximate verification Duverne & Lemaire, 2004 (JoG:PS)

17. Age x Problem * Duverne & Lemaire, 2004 (JoG:PS)

18. Small Large Fixation First Second operand Second operand ERP Data Young Older 215 ms El Yagoubi, Lemaire, & Besson, 2005 (JoCN)

19. Repertoire Distribution Aspects of Strategic Changes Changes Lemaire & Siegler, 95 (JEP:Gen).

20. Age and Strategy Distribution

21. Marseille 2

24. How many dots?

25. Numerosity estimation performance Lemaire & Lecacheur, 2007 (JoG:PS)

28. Numerosity estimation: Eye movements in instructed condition Benchmark Anchoring Gandini, Lemaire, & Dufau (2009)

29. Age effects on % use of Benchmark Gandini, Lemaire, & Dufau (2009)

30. Repertoire Distribution Execution Aspects of Strategic Changes Changes Lemaire & Siegler, 95, JEP:Gen.

31. Benchmark vs. Anchoring Age effects on Strategy Execution: Numerosity Estimation NO-CHOICE CHOICE Benchmark Anchoring Gandini, Lemaire, & Dufau (2008)

32. Age x Strategies (no-choice latencies) Gandini, Lemaire, & Dufau (2009)

33. Etude en imagerie Activations cérébrales Machine IRMf

34. L R Postcentral Gyrus Insula Benchmark Strategy in Young Adults

35. Numerical comparison tasks e.g., Chochon, Cohen, van de Moortele, & Dehaene, 1999; Dehaene, 1996 Phonological loop/articulatory processes e.g., Paulesu, et al., 1993; Venkatram, et al., 2005 Benchmark strategy Retrievaing Memory representations of numerosities PostcentralGyrus selection of one of the potential candidates Insula

36. Occipital Areas: • Middle Gyrus Inferior Parietal Lobule • Lingual Gyrus PrecentralGyrus L R Postcentral Gyrus Insula Benchmark strategy in Older Adults

37. Occipital Areas: Frontal Areas: • Middle Gyrus • Cuneus • DLPFC • Superior Gyrus Parietal Areas: - Superior lobule - Precuneus Anchoring strategy in Young Adults L R

38. Enumeration processes e.g., Piazza, Mechelli, Butterworth, & Price, 2002; Piazza, Giacomini, et al., 2003 Mental imagery e.g., Awh & Jonides, 2001; Mellet et al., 2000; Zago & Tzourio-Mazoyer, 2002 Simple calculation e.g., Zago & Tzourio-Mazoyer, 2001 Anchoring strategy Enumerating reference group of dots Frontal areas Matching reference group of dots and remaining groups of dots Occipito-Parietal Axis Mmultiplying N groups of dots Precuneus

39. Frontal Area: - SMA Frontal Area: - SMA Middle Occipital Gyrus Anchoring strategy in Older Adults Inferior Frontal Gyrus L R Parietal Superior Lobule

40. Repertoire Distribution Execution Selection Aspects of Strategic Changes Changes Lemaire & Siegler, 95, JEP:Gen.

41. Strategy selection 46 x 52 (2392) Rounding-Down Rounding-up 50x60 40x50 RU probl: 57x68 RD probl: 51x62 Lemaire et al., 2004 (Psych. Aging)

42. Selecting the best strategy * Lemaire et al., 2004 (Psych. Aging)

43. Repertoire Distribution Execution Selection Summary Changes Lemaire & Siegler, 95, JEP:Gen.

44. Conclusions • Strategy perspective offers a great window to understand cognitive aging. It is not incompatible with more quantitative approaches of cognitive aging. • It helps to better describe and explain (in mechanistic terms) age-related differences and similarities • It helps to address both big, general questions and very specific issues. • It enables to know how people of different ages think and how (some) older adults can compensate to moderate aging effects on cognition.