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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. Chemistry of Life . Chemistry Video. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m55kgyApYrY. Vocabulary List:. Atom Nucleus Electron Element Isotope Compound Ionic bond Ion Covalent bond Molecule.

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life

  2. Chemistry Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m55kgyApYrY

  3. Vocabulary List: • Atom • Nucleus • Electron • Element • Isotope • Compound • Ionic bond • Ion • Covalent bond • Molecule

  4. Q: If you take a stick of chalk and break it in half, are both halves still chalk? YES NO atomos-unable to cut

  5. ATOM Protons Neutrons Electrons + charge neutral - charge mass mass 1/1840 mass nucleus nucleus space

  6. Element= one type of atom Isotope = atoms of the same element that contain different numbers of neutrons (# of electrons and protons remain constant) If the atomicmass is the sum of protons + neutrons atomicnumber = the # of protons which number changes in an isotope? **Marbles or colored blocks

  7. Compound- substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or more elements in definite proportions

  8. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS H (gas) + O (gas) Sodium + Chlorine NaCl (table salt) H2O (liquid) Molecule – the smallest unit of compounds whose atoms are joined by covalent bonds

  9. Atomic Bombs • Nuclear Fission (splitting) of Uranium or Plutonium • Uranium (U) or Plutonium (Pu) = large & unstable (radioactive) • Rapid decay rate --> Release energy needed to hold atom together • Energy release = radiation • Little Boy: 4 tons of fuel = 15 kilotons of TNT Nuclear Fission Video:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7C14UIKuv8

  10. Atomic Bombs continued • Steps: • 1. Explosion from TNT condenses all Pu atoms to “critical mass” • 2. Neutron escapes (energy release) from decaying nuclei and hits another Pu atom • 3. Pu atom that was hit subsequently decays (more energy release) • 4. All the Pu atoms start decaying within seconds

  11. Little Boy Bomb Videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PB-atl3YBSQ http://www.freewebs.com/semirsaid/other.htm http://maasmedia.wordpress.com/2008/08/07/hiroshima-day/

  12. Chemical bonding-involves the electrons surrounding the nucleus of each atom Ionic Bond vs. Covalent Bond Transferring vs. Sharing To do: 2 circles with 8 chairs apiece Q: How can this problem be resolved? Science question: What kind of bond is being modeled?

  13. H2O An oxygen atom has 8 protons Each hydrogen atom has 1 proton 10 protons = 10 shared electrons But will one part of the compound have a greater pull on those electrons? Yes/No…..why? Polar molecules have an uneven distribution of electrons

  14. Mixture – composed of 2 or more elements/compounds that are mixed physically but not chemically combined Solution – the components are evenly distributed with the solute dissolved in the solvent ex: salt water 2) Suspension – mixture of water and nondissolved material ex: blood is both a suspension (cells) and solution

  15. Acids, Bases and pH pH scale – a measure of the H+ concentration in solution

  16. Lower ph = more H+ Higher ph = fewer H+ ***Pure water is always neutral H2O H+ + OH- in equal amounts Acid-any compound that forms H+ in solution (HCl in the stomach = pH 2.5) Base-any compound that produces OH- in solution (bleach = pH 12.5)

  17. LAB- are foods acidic or basic?

  18. Organic Molecules-study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms methane isooctane **C-C bonds allow for long chains…Large and complex structures! **4 valence electrons…binds with many other elements

  19. MACROmolecules- giant moleculespolymerization polymers monomers-may be identical/repeating or different

  20. 4 ORGANIC MOLECULES

  21. CARBOHYDRATES • Ends in –ose • General formula C1:H2:O1 • Carbohydrate – “carbon hydrate” when CO2 reacts with water to form glucose • major source of ENERGY for all living organisms • source of structural support (plants) Monosaccharide ex. glucose, fructose and galactose Disaccharide ex. Lactose, sucrose Polysaccharide ex. Gycogen, starch and cellulose

  22. Simple vs. Complex Carbohydrates

  23. Simple vs. Complex Carbohydrates Starch 1. stored energy for the plant 2. starch in potatoes, refined wheat and white products are quickly converted into glucose in the body Cellulose 1. major component of plant cell walls 2. does NOT provide energy nor is it digested by our bodies 3. called fiber in our diets & is critical for a healthy digestive system Glycogen 1. animal starch 2. stored form of glucose in our bodies 3. stored in liver to remove glucose from the blood And your resident dietician says…………why?

  24. LIPIDS • Not a polymer- all lipids are grouped together because • hydrophobic- • “scared of water”/ little or no affinitiy for water • ex. You will see oil separate from vinegar in salad dressing

  25. Fats 1. Greasy, oily or waxy to the touch 2. Can be solid or liquid at room temperature 3. If excess calories are consumed, excess stored as fat 4. Stores vitamins and other chemicals 5. Form of insulation for the organism B. Phospholipids-membranes in & around the cells C. Waxes 1. Keep oganism or parts or organisms waterproof & protected 2. Ear was, wax on duck feather D. Steroids 1. Cholesterol a. important component of cell membranes b. harmful if too much in the diet or bloodstream 2. Hormones a. estrogen, progesterone and testosterone control reproductive function b. Anabolic steroids – illegally used to build up muscles - cause serious damage to hear, liver and kidneys

  26. And your resident dietician says………… EXTRA CREDIT: Describe these terms in detail & provide examples: saturated fat unsaturated fat Due: next class

  27. BOGGLE When the timer begins, try to construct as many words as possible using the given letters. You may go in any direction, but not diagonally. Think & write quickly!!!

  28. NUCLEIC ACIDS • Nucleotide - monomer; • - phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar and nitrogenous base • Nucleotides covalently bind to form a nucleic acid • Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information • 4 Types of nucleotides (A-T/U-C-G) = endless # of different molecules • 2 Types of Nucleic Acids = DNA and RNA

  29. PROTEINS • Amino acid – monomer • Made up different combinations of 20 amino acids • a. 12 nonessential amino acids • b. 8 essential amino acids • Complete proteins-contain all 8 essential amino acids • ex. Meat, eggs, dairy products, fish and tofu • Vegetables have some but not all • a. must be eaten in combination • b. complementary foods (rice and beans) – • together provide a complete protein • Cells recombine aa to build the • proteins necessary for function

  30. Protein = “first or primary”

  31. -some are acidic/basic -polar/nonpolar

  32. LAB: FOOD ANALYSIS

  33. What do baking soda, vinegar and water have to do with Biology? Chemical reaction – a process that changes or transforms one set of chemicals into another

  34. Reactant Products CO2 + H2O H2CO3(carbonic acid) Activation Energy – the necessary energy input to jumpstart a reaction but…..the formation of carbonic acid is slow and the CO2 would build up too quickly in the bloodstream……

  35. Enzymes – catalysts or “biological wedges”

  36. ENZYMES • Usually ends in –ase (with 1st derived from the reaction it catalyzes) • Works as a 1 enzyme:1 reaction-VERY specific (shape?) • Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together • Substrates- reactants in an enyzme-catalyzed reaction • Active site- site of substrate binding on the enzyme • -complementary in “lock & key” style

  37. Enzymes: -Regulate chemical pathways -Make materials that cells need -Release energy

  38. Dehydration synthesis- build up by removing water Hydrolysis-break down by adding water

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