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CELLULAR EVOLUTION

CELLULAR EVOLUTION. Halim Yanikomeroglu Department of Systems & Computer Engineering Carleton University Ottawa, Canada. Cellular Basics. Importance of standards Tedious standardization process, amortization period  d elay Generations of technologies: 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G

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CELLULAR EVOLUTION

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  1. CELLULAR EVOLUTION HalimYanikomeroglu Department of Systems & Computer Engineering Carleton University Ottawa, Canada

  2. Cellular Basics • Importance of standards • Tedious standardization process, amortization period  delay • Generations of technologies: 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G • Confusing terminology • Role of ITU (circular letters)

  3. Cellular: Earlier Generations

  4. Cellular Generations – A More Detailed Look 1G:AMPS, 1983 2G: GSM, 1991

  5. Cellular Generations – A More Detailed Look 1G:AMPS, 1983 2G: GSM, 1991 3GPP Platform: “unites 6 telecom standard development organizations (ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TTA, TTC), and provides their members with a stable environment to produce the highly successful Reports and Specifications that define 3GPP technologies”. (Other platforms and organizations: 3GPP2, IEEE, …)

  6. Cellular Generations – A More Detailed Look 1G:AMPS, 1983 2G: GSM, 1991 R9 R8 R10 R11 R6 R7 R5 R99 R4 2010 2011 2006 2009 2012 2004 2005 2007 2008 2013 2003 2000 2001 2002 3GPP Platform

  7. Cellular Generations – A More Detailed Look 1G:AMPS, 1983 2G: GSM, 1991 R9 R8 R10 R11 R6 R7 R5 R99 R4 2010 2011 2006 2009 2012 2004 2005 2007 2008 2013 2003 2000 2001 2002 LTE LTE Adv HSPA+ HSPA UL HSPA DL UMTS 3GPP Platform

  8. Cellular Generations – A More Detailed Look 1G:AMPS, 1983 2G: GSM, 1991 ITU-R IMT-2000 circular letterITU-R IMT-Advanced circular letter R9 R8 R10 R11 R6 R7 R5 R99 R4 2010 2011 2006 2009 2012 2004 2005 2007 2008 2013 2003 2000 2001 2002 LTE LTE Adv HSPA+ HSPA UL HSPA DL UMTS 3GPP Platform

  9. Cellular Generations – A More Detailed Look 1G:AMPS, 1983 2G: GSM, 1991 ITU-R IMT-2000 circular letterITU-R IMT-Advanced circular letter 3G:IMT-2000 compliant 4G: IMT-Advanced compliant R9 R8 R10 R11 R6 R7 R5 R99 R4 2010 2011 2006 2009 2012 2004 2005 2007 2008 2013 2003 2000 2001 2002 LTE LTE Adv HSPA+ HSPA UL HSPA DL UMTS 3GPP Platform

  10. Cellular Generations – A More Detailed Look 1G:AMPS, 1983 2G: GSM, 1991 ITU-R IMT-2000 circular letterITU-R IMT-Advanced circular letter 3G:IMT-2000 compliant 4G: IMT-Advanced compliant R9 R8 R10 R11 R6 R7 R5 R99 R4 2010 2011 2006 2009 2012 2004 2005 2007 2008 2013 2003 2000 2001 2002 LTE LTE Adv HSPA+ HSPA UL HSPA DL UMTS 3GPP Platform • Release 12 Time Plan: • Stage 1 freeze – Mar 2013 • Stage 2 freeze – Dec 2013 • Stage 3 freeze – Jun 2014

  11. Cellular Generations – HSPA and LTE Users 4gamericas.org

  12. Cellular Generations

  13. 2G 3G 4G 5G 1G Cellular Generations ? ? Mobile device for everything Gbps Mbps Mbps kbps kbps AMPS AMPS bps bps Source: Huawei Time 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

  14. 2G 3G 4G 5G 1G Cellular Generations Does not scale easily! ? ? Mobile device for everything Gbps Mbps Mbps kbps kbps AMPS AMPS bps bps Source: Huawei Time 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

  15. Evolving Performance Metrics • Bits/sec/Hz

  16. Evolving Performance Metrics • Bits/sec/Hz • Bits/sec/Hz/km2

  17. Evolving Performance Metrics • Bits/sec/Hz • Bits/sec/Hz/km2 • Bits/sec/Hz/km2/$

  18. Evolving Performance Metrics • Bits/sec/Hz • Bits/sec/Hz/km2 • Bits/sec/Hz/km2/$ • Bits/sec/Hz/km2/$/joule

  19. Time for 5G Research? 4G: 3GPP rel-8 (LTE), rel-9, rel-10 (LTE-A), rel-11, rel-12 (?), rel-13 (?) 5G: not defined at this point (keep an eye on EU framework program 8 projects: 2014 – 2020) Research Standardization Deployment 5G ? 3G 1X EV-DO, HSPA, HSPA+ 4G LTE, LTE-A, 802.16m 2 - 56 Mbps 100 Mbps mobile 1 Gbps nomadic (IMT-Advanced compliant) 10s-100s Gbps ?

  20. Where We Are Now and Where We Are Heading To • R8, R9, R10 LTE/LTE-A

  21. Key Technologies for LTE/LTE-Advanced (R8, R9, R10) • OFDM • MIMO • Spectrum aggregation • HetNet, Relay [to be matured] • CoMP (coordinated multipoint) [moved to R11]  A number of LTE/LTE-A technologies are ahead of their time

  22. Where We Are and Where We Are Heading To • R8, R9, R10 LTE/LTE-A • R11, R12 (Mar 2013, Dec 2013, Jun 2014), R13: clean-up + new tech

  23. 3GPP Release 12 Workshop Incredible resource State-of-the-art in 3GPP Ljubljana, 11-12 June 2012 http://www.3gpp.org/Future-Radio-in-3GPP-300-attend Priority Areas Higher data rates More capacity Complimentary Areas Energy saving Cost efficiency Support for diverse application and traffic types Backhaul enhancements

  24. 3GPP Timelines Panasonic Samsung

  25. Some Key Technologies for beyond LTE-A Spectrum aggregation MIMO (multi-layer,adaptive beamforming) Multihoprelaying Terminal relaying (cellular-assisted ad hoc) Advanced CoMP (cloud-RAN) HetNet (heterogeneous networks) SON (self-organizing, self-configuring, self-healing networks) FeICIC (further enhanced intercell interference coordination) Interference cancellation MUD (multiuser detection)

  26. HetNet (Heterogeneous Network) Architecture Across network routing

  27. Where We Are Now and Where We Are Heading To • R8, R9, R10 LTE/LTE-A • R11, R12 (Mar 2013, Dec 2013, Jun 2014), R13 • EU Framework Program 8, Horizon 2020 (2014 – 2020)

  28. Where We Are Now and Where We Are Heading To • R8, R9, R10 LTE/LTE-A • R11, R12 (Mar 2013, Dec 2013, Jun 2014), R13 • EU Framework Program 8, Horizon 2020 (2014 – 2020) • ITU WRC 2015

  29. Where We Are Now and Where We Are Heading To • R8, R9, R10 LTE/LTE-A • R11, R12 (Mar 2013, Dec 2013, Jun 2014), R13 • EU Framework Program 8, Horizon 2020 (2014 – 2020) • ITU WRC 2015 • ITU circular letter: IMT-2020 • 5G

  30. Where We Are Now and Where We Are Heading To • R8, R9, R10 LTE/LTE-A • R11, R12 (Mar 2013, Dec 2013, Jun 2014), R13 • EU Framework Program 8, Horizon 2020 (2014 – 2020) • ITU WRC 2015 • ITU circular letter: IMT-2020 • 5G • Beyond…

  31. Time Scales • Near-term: Towards 2020 (4G evolution) • Middle-term: Around 2020 (5G) • Long-term: Beyond 2020 (5G evolution)

  32. Time Scales • Near-term: Towards 2020 (4G evolution) • Middle-term: Around 2020 (5G)  around the corner • Long-term: Beyond 2020 (5G evolution)

  33. Reuse and Interference • Channel reuse • Co-channel interference, multiple access interference • Radio access network (RAN) • Denser frequency reuse • Increased capacity • Increased interference • Decreased quality

  34. Resource Reuse Schemes Soft frequency resue Partial frequency reuse

  35. LTE-TDD Frame Structure • LTE-TDD DL/UL configuration • One Frame • Time duration: 10 ms • Two half frame (5 mseach) • 10 subframes(1ms each) • Two slots per subframe (0.5 mseach) Courtesy of Jing Dang

  36. Resource Block (RB) RE：Resource Element Frequency domain: 15 kHz (one subcarrier) Time domain: one OFDM symbol (1/14 ms) frequency REG：RE group, REG = 4 RE One subcarrier CCE：Control Channel Element, CCE = 9 REG time One OFDM symbol RB：Resource Block RB = 84 RE This figure shows one RB: 7 OFDM symbols in time domain (0.5 ms, one slot) 12 subcarriers in frequency domain (180 KHz) Courtesy of Jing Dang

  37. Intercell Interference Coordination (ICIC) Reuse factor: 1 / cluster size 1G, 2G: 1/7, 1/4 3G: 1/3 4G:  1 Ultimate reuse factor: 1 per cell (sector) Conventional static(a priori) resource allocation (scheduling): For the entire leased spectrum, or a big portion of it One reuse factor ICIC: Dynamic(aware) resource allocation for each RB, taking the channel and traffic into account Different reuse factor for each RB

  38. Dynamic Design • Static design: Can not cope up with channel and traffic variations • Static and a priori resource allocation  Dynamic resource allocation

  39. Dynamic Design • Static design: Can not cope up with channel and traffic variations • Static and a priori resource allocation  Dynamic resource allocation • ICIC: Intercell interference coordination (R8 – LTE) eICIC: enhanced ICIC (R10 – LTE-A) FeICIC: Further enhanced ICIC (R11, R12)

  40. 2G • Limited cooperation between APs (for handoff) • No cooperation between UEs • Interference: handle with fixed assignments  not a great concern • RRM: easy; circuit-switched CBR applications  power control • Perfect each AP-UE link  PHY

  41. 3G/3G+/4G- • Limited cooperation between APs • No cooperation between UEs • Smaller cells • Denser reuse (every cell, every sector) • Interference: concern Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) Soft Frequency Reuse (SFR) • Scheduling: important

  42. 4G • HetNets (femto-/pico-APs, relay) • Cooperation between APs (ICIC, eICIC) • No cooperation between UEs • Scheduling: very important • Interference: may become unpredictable, becoming a concern

  43. 4G+/5G • Hi-HetNet (C-RAN, femto-/pico-APs, DAS, various types of relays including terminal relays) • Intense cooperation between select APs (feICIC, CoMP) • Cooperation between UEs • Interference: highly unpredictable (due to autonomous RRM decisions); major concern  sophisticated, robust, good (not necessarily optimal) decisions  partially centralized, partially distributed (opportunistically)  learning (artificial intelligence)

  44. 5G+ • Indoors: # of APs >> # of UEs • Short distance, dedicated links • Optimized air interface • 60-90 GHz carrier, FSO • Highly directional antennas • Super ultra rates • Atto-cell + FTTDesk • Outdoor hot-spots: # of APs << # of UEs • Mesh connectivity • Issues similar to previous slide

  45. Small Cell Deployment

  46. Small Cell Deployment Interference ↑

  47. Stochastic Geometry Source: U of Texas, Austin

  48. Traffic Generation • Maximum homogeneity: Lattice • Sub-Poisson: perturbation • Complete-randomness: Poisson Sub-Poisson Poisson Super-Poisson • Super-Poisson: • Time domain: MMPP, HMM, HHMM (NHMM) • Space domain: • Clustering Perturbation Courtesy of MeisamMirahsan and Dr. Rainer Schoenen

  49. Advanced RAN with Advanced RRM • Any fixed assignment is inefficient • cannot adapt to or exploit channel and traffic conditions • All decisions are dynamic and opportunistic • No a-priori partitioning of radio resources • No WT-BS assignment (dynamic routing in the mesh) • Reuse may be > 1 • Wired elements (BS, DA) and fixed relays: Cooperative RRM for interference management and avoidance • Nomadic, moving, and terminal relays: Robust, distributed, plug-and-play, low-overhead, sub-optimum RRM algorithms  cognitive radio (spectrum, OSA), dynamic feedback control, machine learning, artificial intelligence  inter-disciplinary • Very different from conventional cellular networks

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