CIONA MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

1. Chemical control strategies Mechanical control strategies Biological control strategies Control strategies CIONA MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES No action Adaptation strategies Prevention strategies Note: For the sake of simplicity, only strategies we identified as viable were included in this framework. This presentation is meant as a complement to our report and not to stand alone. As such, please find references, unviable strategies, calculations, and further explanation in our report.

2. UV-B radiation Vibration Electroshock Mechanical control strategies Air-drying Vacuum removal Manual removal Home

3. Acetic Acid (vinegar) Tolylfluanid Dichlofluanid Sodium Hypochlorite (60ppm) Hydrated Lime Brine Pseudoalteromonas tunicata Chemical Control Strategies TBT Chlorothalonil Fresh Water (15C) Sea-Nine 211 Irgarol 1051 Fresh Water (40C) Home

4. Periwinkle Littorina littorea Sea Urchin Echinodermata sp. Pseudoalteromonas tunicata Not effective on mussel lines Effectiveness unclear Other Grazers Biological Control Strategies Data Deficient Passive Predator Predators Lunar Snail Mitrella lunata Sea Star Asteria sp. Rock Crab Cancer irrotatus Green Crab Carcinus maenas Invasive Species Home

5. Ballast Water Regulations Processing Plant Effluent Prevention Strategies Voluntary Industrial Guidelines - SAECOP Rapid Response Mandatory Boat Cleaning Close off bay Monitoring Public Awareness and Education I&T Licensing Home

6. Turbulent water Compost Stronger/thicker lines Thicker lines Turbulent water Food Adaptation Strategies Compost Pharmaceutical uses Capital intensive mussel farming Biodegradable socking technology Home

7. Benefits: None • Research questions: • Economic lost of infected lines • How do mussel farmers value future (discount rate) • Environmental and social costs of the invasion. • Population dynamics research No Action Costs: • Rate of spread within a bay: • Year 1: 5% of maximum extent • Year 2: 10% of maximum extent. • Year 3: 25% of maximum extent. • Year 4: 50%, of maximum extent. • Year 5: 100%, maximum extent of invasion is reached. • High uncertainty: New spread in PEI, not a lot of data available. Partially based on clubbed tunicate invasion in PEI. • Rate of spreadbetween bays: • 1 new valuable river/bay infected per year (the mussel aquaculture value of a river/bay is 1,132,742 $). • High uncertainty: Based 1 invasion of an other solitary tunicate (clubbed tunicate) in PEI. • Economic lost of infected lines: • about 75% of the value of infected lines is lost. • High uncertainty: Highly variables between lines. Not a lot of data. • Discount rate: • 10%. • Low uncertainty: Preferences of mussel farmers have not been investigated, But 10% discount rate is often used in economic analysis. Cx = V*S*x*W*L*(1-P)/(1+D)x-2 + E Cx: Costs of not acting for a specific year ($). V: Average mussel aquaculture value of a river/bay ($/bay). S: Rate of spread between bays of C. intestinalis (bay/year). x: Number of years since 2004 – first appearance of C. intestinalis (year). W: Rate of spread within a bay (%). L: Economic lost in invaded areas (%). P: Probability of C. intestinalis population collapse (%). D: Discount rate (%). E: Environmental and social costs of not acting ($). Estimated cost of not acting for 2006 = 340 000$ Estimated cost of not acting for 2006-2010 = 340 000$ + 700 000$ + 1 350 000$ + $ + 1 850 000$ + 2 250 000 = 6 490 000$ Home

8. Within a bay / between lines & leases Probability of population crash Minimum acceptable population reduction Offshore Between bays Offshore Environmental tolerance Within a bay / between lines & leases Between bays & offshore Rate of spread Competition with mussels Probability of population crash Rate of spread Environmental tolerance Adaptation Environmental tolerance No Action Population dynamics research Prevention Minimum acceptable population reduction Minimum acceptable population reduction Control Frequency of treatment Mechanical Frequency of treatment Biological Minimum acceptable population reduction Chemical Timing of treatment Timing of treatment Minimum acceptable population reduction Timing of treatment Frequency of treatment Predation effects Home

9. Linkages: -Compost adaptation (disposal) -Complementary strategies Benefits: -75-80% removal (effort-dependent) (~0% effective on juveniles) Costs: -75 ¢/m2 (labour) (~$240/line[1]) -Disposal costs 3-4 removal events/season (req. to keep at a ‘minimum’ as defined by individual N.S. farmers). Manual removal Uncertainties: -Best application times -Effectiveness on juveniles estimated at 0. Uncertainties: -Removal rate is density dependent (sq m/day has high uncertainty) -Disposal costs -Frequency required -Necessary level of reduction for manageability Research questions: -More exact measurements of manual removal rate -Research into avenues/costs of disposal (eg. Composting, filtering back into water column, etc.) -Population dynamics research Mechanical Control Strategies

10. Linkages: -Complementary strategies Benefits: 75-80% removal (effort-dependent) ~236 kg/day removal Unknown if effective on mussel lines. Vacuum removal Costs: -19-40 ¢/m2 (labour) (~$60-128/line) -Pump cost -Disposal costs Uncertainties: -Removal rate is density dependent (sq m/day has high uncertainty) -Disposal costs -Pump costs -Frequency required -Minimum acceptable population reduction Uncertainties: -Effectiveness uncertain (timing, mortality, damage to mussels) • Research questions: • Holding strength of tunicates and mussels on the lines • Alternative techniques (eg. above water) • Population dynamics research Mechanical Control Strategies

11. Linkages: -Combination with pressure washing Air-drying Benefits: ~90-100% removal Only effective on removable structures Costs: -$250/line (labour & gas) -Infrastructure costs • Research questions: • Alternative methods of lifting/drying lines (currently prohibitive because of line weights) • Population dynamics research Uncertainties: -Removal uncertain -Feasibility uncertain Uncertainties: -Costs uncertain -Infrastructure required -Frequency required -Timing of treatment -Minimum acceptable population reduction Mechanical Control Strategies

12. Linkages: -Combination with air-drying Pressure washing Benefits: ~90% removal Only effective on removable structures Costs: -$250/line (labour & gas) -$70-100/washer • Research questions: • Population dynamics research Uncertainties: -Feasibility uncertain Uncertainties: -Timing of treatment -Frequency required -Minimum acceptable population reduction Mechanical Control Strategies

13. Effectiveness: -95% effective/treatment -Increased effectiveness with longer exposure time Cost: -$0.70/L (Glacial) -$0.39/L (Photographic grade) -Cost of application (labour, transport) Acetic Acid (vinegar) Uncertainties: -Costs of application (eg. fuel, labour) Uncertainties: -Diff. effect on diff. life stages? -Minimum acceptable population reduction -Frequency required -Timing of treatment Research questions: -Population dynamics research Chemical control strategies

14. Chlorothalonil Effectiveness: EC50embryonic=33ug/L EC50larval=42ug/L Cost: < $0.01/L • Uncertainties: • Effect on adults • Environmental impact • Frequency required • Timing of treatment • Minimum acceptable population reduction Research questions: -Population dynamics research -Environmental impacts -Effect on adults Chemical control strategies

15. Linkages: -Adaptation: lowering lines -Population dynamics research -Complimentary strategies -Monitoring / vector management (prevention) Effectiveness: 11 tunicates consumed per crab per day maximum 364 days for one crab to clean off one sock (gross underestimate) Most effective in winter? (Sept 2006: 20 tonnes of crab dumped into Montague R. leases) Cost: $0.52-0.60 per crab (landing price) + Cost of lower lines (Bonus: cost may be offset by market for crab meat) Rock Crab Uncertainties: -Are there crabs available for lower than landing price? -Cost of lowering lines and associated uncertainties -Benefit from crab meat market Uncertainties: -Effect on mussels -How many crabs needed for a certain tunicate reduction -Frequency of treatment (How often are more crabs needed?) -Timing of treatment -Minimum acceptable population reduction -Diff. effect on diff. life stages? -Interaction with other species • Research questions: • Population dynamics research • Crab population dynamics research • Sustainable population? • Population size and structure • Actual field ingestion rate by crabs • Ecosystem effects of inc. crabs • Problems with harvesting/marketing crabs with tunicate-based diet? Biological control strategies

16. Voluntary Industrial Guidelines - SAECOP Cost: Low -To PEI-AA: costs of administration costs of communication with stakeholders: $3400/yr -To boaters $100 for copy of guidelines Benefits: -Reduction of spread -Coordination btw stakeholders Uncertainties: -% of farmers adhering -Speed of industry response to different degrees of infestation -Reduction of spread Uncertainties: -Administration costs Research questions: -Degree of reduction of spread -Population dynamics research Prevention strategies

17. Costs: Low -To government: Notification: ~$3400 Subcommittee operation: low -To boaters: Lost business (inability to move): high Submission of paperwork: low Lost profit due to time delay: low Uncertainties: -% of individuals who do not apply for licenses -Probability of spread being contained or reduced by eliminating anthropogenic vectors? -Uncertain if enforcement exists -% of infractions Uncertainties: -Lost business dependent upon if transfer between bays is necessary Costs: (per bay) Low: ~ $9,500 -Labour: $6000 -Infrastructure and equipment: $2000 (fixed) -Transportation: $1,500/yr -Communication with stakeholders; website updated by coordinator: low Benefits: -Reduction of spread -Number of license applications/yr -Enforcement -Coordination between stakeholders Benefits: High -Identify new invasions more rapidly -Reduction of spread -Increased possibility to identify I&T license infractions -Early detection: lower costs of eradication Monitoring I&T Licensing Rapid Response Uncertainties: -Accuracy of population survey Uncertainties: -What percentage of boaters surveyed? How accurate are estimates? -Reduction of spread Benefits: High -Decreased uncertainty re: fisheries regulations -Decreased costs of enforcement of mandatory regulations -Decreased biofouling and transfer between bays Research questions: -Population dynamics research Public Awareness and Education Costs: ~$10,500 (low) -Signs: $5000 -Labour: $2100/yr -Communication: $3400/yr   Research questions: -Population dynamics research Prevention strategies

18. Uncertainties/Research questions: -Percent reduction in total spread by filtration alone (versus treatment and filtration). Research questions: -Ongoing research about costs and benefits of low salinity treatment -Population dynamics research Uncertainties: -Egg and larvae density at different stages of processing Benefit: -Prevention of spread of adults -Filter does not screen objects smaller than 750 microns. Costs, benefits: Uncertain Treatment (for eggs and larvae) Processing Plant Effluent Filtration (for adults/juveniles larger than 750 microns) Costs: $71,000 + maintenance (low) Costs breakdown: -Equip: 1 yard mesh (750 microns) = ~$37.00 -Filter: $16,000 -Maintenance labour: $1200/yr -Replacement costs -Disposal: $10,000/yr Uncertainties: -Most costs are estimates, uncertainty could be reduced. -Possibility that extra facility is needed for filter space ($10-50,000). Prevention strategies