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The World of Pesantren in Indonesia

The World of Pesantren in Indonesia. Pesantren, madrasah, Sekolah. santri = student Pesantren = a place for students (to learn Islam), Islamic boarding school, primarily private

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The World of Pesantren in Indonesia

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  1. The World of Pesantrenin Indonesia

  2. Pesantren, madrasah, Sekolah • santri= student Pesantren= a place for students (to learn Islam), Islamic boarding school, primarily private • Traditional: generally in rural areas, traditional Islamic knowledge, boarding school, full-time, traditional leadership • Modern: traditional Islamic knowledge and modern knowledge (math, science, computer, etc), boarding school, modern style of management, more in urban centers • madrasah: Arabic term for school (but in it has become to mean “religious school” /madrasah diniyah), Madrasah (6.3 % of them now state-funded) • Sekolah : General School (Sekolah Umum)

  3. MADRASAH • Modern, combination of the religious and the nonreligious, not boarding school • a generic term for Islamic school, more popularly used in Singapore and the Philippines • SEKOLAH • Private and Public: mostly modern subjects, with weekly two-hour obligatory religious subjects

  4. Other related terms/names • pondok (travelers’ inns, in parts of Indonesia, but particularly in Malaysia and Cambodia) • Pondok Pesantren • surau(in Sumatera) • dayah(in Aceh, Sumatera)

  5. History of Pesantren • emerged since the 16th century • Transmission of Islamic knowledge (from Arabia and Egypt, some cases India) to Southeast Asia • Houses, mosques, and pesantren • In the colonial time: • Growing, but mostly independent • Centers for anti-colonial resistance (e.g. the Acehnese War, the Javanese War) • Competing with missionary schools and colonial schools

  6. Pesantren after Indonesia’s independence (1945-present) • Nation-building --- efforts for integrating many into the national education system • include non-religious subjects • Include civic education (Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution) • Include skill-oriented subjects (agriculture, crafts, business, etc) • Until the 1910s, pesantrens were male institutions, although some girls received religious instruction. But in 2001/02, girls’ enrollment equals or exceeds boys.

  7. The number of Pesantren (today) • Now about 13,000 pesantrens in Indonesia (about 2,000 in the Philippines, nearly 1,600 in Thailand, 500 in Malaysia, several hundred in Cambodia, and about 10 in Singapore) • Pesantren Darul Istiqamah, Pesantren Nurul Hidayah, Pesantren Sunan Drajat Medali, Pesantren Al-Urwatul Wutsqaa, Pesantren SMP Salman Al-Farisi, Pesantren Darunnajah,Pesantren Darul Furqan,

  8. Number of Enrollments (2002) Pesantren Madrasah School 2,500,000 5,698,143 38,368,947 Note: Madrasah enrollments increase during the junior secondary school (grades 6-9): 21% of the student population -- Indonesian parents think that religious education will help children during their teen years (which are seen as a time of potential turmoil)

  9. Pesantren and non-Pesantren Education Teaching: Morality (akhlak) --- Rationality (akal) Foundation: Islam ----- Indonesian Nationalism Goal: Absolute Truth --- Relative Truth Method: Memorization --- Discussion/Analysis Orientation: Hereafter ----- this World Attitude: sacred --- profane Leadership: charismatic --- rational

  10. The Basic Elements of Pesantren and Their Role • mosques (Masjid) • religious teachers/leaders (Kiyai, alim/ulama, ustaz) and Nyai (female), Tuan Guru (in Lombok) • religious books (Kitab, Kitab Kuning/yellow book) • dormitory (pondok, asrama) : gender separated

  11. Languages used in the pesantren • Arabic -- written and oral • Malay and other local languages as the base language -- mostly oral • Indonesian language (governmental curricula) • English, sometimes French and other foreign language

  12. Organization • Foundations (YAYASAN) : community-based • (waqf, endowment) and zakat fund • Additional sources (cafeteria, bookstores/supplies, laundry services, guest houses), sponsors • Government Subsidies • Support from certain NGOs or political parties • International funding: • Middle East, and “the West”

  13. An Example of the Organizational Structure of Pesantren Endowment/Foundation Leader/Kiyai/ Pengasuh Teachers Formal Education Non-formal Students Community

  14. Units in the Pesantren Organization • Dormitory • Co-operative • Boy-scout/girl-scout • Information and documentation • Exercise and sports • Health and environment • Library • Human relations • Postal • Skills • Transportation • Cleanliness • Entrepreneurship • Water • Electricity • Equipment • Guest reception • Etc

  15. Nahdlatul Ulama (NU)and Muhammadiyah affiliations • Most pesantrens are affiliated with the NU • Muhammadiyah run mostly madrasah or sekolah agama (religious schools, generally private, but modern) • Other pesantren are called “SALAFI Pesantren” • Mostly “moderate” and few “hard-line”

  16. The Culture of Pesantren: Closed and Open • Teacher- Student relationship: charisma, blessing (baraka), strong loyalty, respect • Student- student relationships: friendship – networking • Pesantren and the surrounding community: mutually beneficial

  17. Arts, Music, Performances,Popular Culture • Poetry, Literature (novels), Films, • Facebook, etc

  18. The Curriculum by the Department of Religious Affairs (1982) The Qur’an and the Hadith Islamic Thought (theology, philosophy, Sufism) Fiqh (Islamic Law) and Social Institution Islamic History and Civilization Language: Arabic grammar, Arabic literature Islamic Education (Tarbiyyah) Islamic Mission (Dakwah) Modern Thought in the Islamic World

  19. Curriculum • Religious Knowledge (Ilmu Agama): • Qur’an • Hadith • Morality (akhlak) • Islamic Law and Jurisprudence (sharia, fiqh) • Arabic grammar • Islamic History (tarikh) • Sufism (tasawwuf) • Logics (mantiq) • Modern/General Knowledge (IlmuUmum): Natural Sciences (biology, physics, chemistry) Social Sciences (history, sociology, Geography, etc), under the Department of National Education • Vocation/skills: foreign language, computer, agriculture, crafts

  20. Islamic Philosophy of Education • God-centered, • volunteerism, • community-base and orientation, • simplicity, • controlled freedom, • independence, • practicing knowledge

  21. Pedagogy in Pesantren Halaqah (sitting in a semi circle around a seated teacher) Memorization Reciting and Memorizing the Qur’an and the Hadith Memorizing Arabic grammar and conversation Questions and answers

  22. Daily Schedule of Modern Pesantren • 04:00 am: wake-up, shower, morning prayer, reading/memorizing the Qur’an, reading books, breakfast, preparing for class • 05:30-06:30 am: exercise • 07:00-12:30: going to classroom: modern subjects and religious subject (government curricula) • 12:30-14:00: noon prayer and lunch

  23. Daily Schedule (continued) • 14:00 -15:30: classroom, additional subjects • 15:30- 16:00: late afternoon prayer • 16:00 – 18:00: exercise, light activity, • 18:00 -19:00: dinner, sunset prayer, reading the Qur’an • 19:00-19:30: evening prayer • 19:30-21:00: learning religious subjects • 21:00-23:00: in the dormitory, self-study, going to sleep

  24. The Role of Pesantren • Producers of students well informed in Islamic studies well versed in their original, Arabic sources • Producers of the would-be ulama • The graduates have become increasingly diverse in study fields and professions: teachers, social activists, politicians, journalists, writers, governmental officials, businessmen, etc

  25. The Impact of Pesantren • Religiously, preservation of faith of Islam and its “traditional” branches of Islamic knowledge • Socially, reform of society • Economically, community-based micro-economy • Politically , Islam becomes increasingly public • Globally , the dissemination of knowledge of Indonesian Islam, global cooperation for tolerance and peace

  26. Contemporary Problems and Challenges facing Pesantren • Havens for terrorism? • Rigid and anti-modern? • Competition with government schools --- Reform amidst modernity and globalization • Islam and Social problems: corruption, inequality

  27. Opportunities for Pesantren • Renewed Popularity of Pesantren among the Indonesian population at large: Positive Images of the graduates as public figures, popular culture (novels, films) • Modified Forms of Pesantren in urban areas: • Pesantren Kilat (Short Training) • More public and international supports – exchange programs, scholarships,

  28. Concluding remarks Pesantren has its intellectual, but primarily religious and moral goals As one of the diverse and dynamic types of school, pesantren continues to serve as an alternative education for many In Indonesia, as in other parts of Southeast Asia, “educational dualism” remains, but the future is shaped by both diversification and integration

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