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بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. Fascioliasis Shahid Beheshti University of medical sciences 2005 Hatami H. MD. MPH. گزارش اولين همه گيري فاسيوليازيس انساني در استان كرمانشاه. گزارش 2 مورد اول. گزارش اولين همه گيري فاسيوليازيس انساني در استان كرمانشاه. تاييد تشخيص بيماري تاييد وجود همه گيري

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بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

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  1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Fascioliasis Shahid Beheshti University of medical sciences 2005 Hatami H. MD. MPH

  2. گزارش اولين همه گيري فاسيوليازيس انساني در استان كرمانشاه گزارش 2 مورد اول

  3. گزارش اولين همه گيري فاسيوليازيس انساني در استان كرمانشاه • تاييد تشخيص بيماري • تاييد وجود همه گيري • جمعيت در معرض خطر • الف ـ بررسي پزشكي • ب ـ برگه بررسي اپيدميولوژيك موارد • ج ـ يافتن بيماريان ديگر • ارزشيابي عوامل اكولوژيك

  4. گزارش اولين همه گيري فاسيوليازيس ارزشيابي عوامل اكولوژيك • در مورد بهسازي چشمه هاي روستا با مقامات مسئول، مذاكره گرديد • دام‌هاي روستا از نظر انگل شناسي بوسيله اداره كل دامپزشكي استان، بررسي و مدفوع آنها با ميزان آلودگي 1% از نظر تخم فاسيولا هپاتيكا گزارش گرديد • نمونه هاي سرمي دامها در انستيتو پاستور با تست الكتروفورز، بررسي و ميزان آلودگي 5/1% گزارش گرديد

  5. گزارش اولين همه گيري فاسيوليازيس بررسي جمعيت در معرض خطر • معاينات پزشكي • آزمون سرولوژيك • آزمايش مدفوع • بررسي حيوانات منطقه • بررسي گياهان منطقه (بولاغ اودي) • بررسي حلزون‌هاي منطقه (از نوع ليمنئيده) • اطلاع رساني به جمعيت در معرض خطر

  6. گزارش اولين همه گيري فاسيوليازيس تجزيه و تحليل داده‌ها • زمان (اواخر زمستان سال 1377 و اوائل بهار 78) • مكان (روستاي چشمه درازه از توابع كنگاور) • شخص (كليه جمعيت روستا) • ميزان حمله ؟ 17% • ميزان كشندگي ؟ 0% • ميزان موارد با علامت و بدون علامت باليني 88% با علامت و 12% بدون علامت • ميزان عوارض

  7. گزارش اولين همه گيري فاسيوليازيس تنظيم فرضيه • منبع احتمالي • عامل سببي • راه هاي احتمالي انتشار • عوامل زيست محيطي موجب بروز همه گيري

  8. گزارش اولين همه گيري فاسيوليازيس تنظيم فرضيه • منبع احتمالي • شاهي آبي كه در روستاي مذكور به فراواني مصرف شده است • عامل سببي • فاسيولا هپاتيكا با توجه به علائم باليني و پاراكلينيك، تست‌هاي سرولوژيك مثبت و مخصوصا ELISA و پاسخ باليني و آزمايشگاهي پس از درمان اختصاصي • راه هاي احتمالي انتشار • گياهان منطقه • عوامل زيست محيطي موجب بروز همه گيري • بافت كشاورزي سنتي

  9. گزارش اولين همه گيري فاسيوليازيس بحث و نتيجه گيري • عليرغم اثبات فاسيوليازيس حيواني در منطقه غرب كشور هيچ گزارشي مبني بر تشخيص موارد انساني وجود ندارد و لذا همين موارد معدود نه تنها به عنوان وقوع همه‌گيري فاسيوليازيس انساني در غرب كشور بلكه به مفهوم نوپديدي بيماري انساني در منطقه، تلقي مي‌گردد.

  10. گزارش اولين همه گيري فاسيوليازيس بحث و نتيجه گيري • از آنجا كه اكوسيستم ساير مناطق استان كرمانشاه از نظر وجود حلزون ليمنه، شاهي آبي، بافت كشاورزي و دامداري شباهت زيادي به شرايط حاكم بر روستاي موصوف داشت فرض را بر آلودگي كل منطقه گذاشته ضمن توصيف وضعيت بيماري، از كليه مراكز بهداشتي درماني خواسته شد موارد مشكوك و بويژه موارد مبتلا به ائوزينوفيلي متوسط تا شديد را معرفي كنند

  11. گزارش اولين همه گيري فاسيوليازيس بحث و نتيجه گيري • از آنجا كه تست ELISA مثبت كاذب ديگري غير از شيستوزوما مانسوني ندارد توصيه شد در كليه استان‌هاي كشور در صورت مواجهه با ائوزينوفيلي، حتما اين آزمون را براي بيماران، درخواست نمايند و در صورت مثبت بودن تست به درمان بيماران و قطع زنجيره انتقال بپردازند.

  12. Clinical epidemiology of fascioliasis

  13. 1- Definition and importance • Disease of the liver caused by a large trematode that is a natural parasite of sheep • Man is an accidental host • Economic impacts • Health impacts • It has now become an important emerging foodborne

  14. 2– Etiologic agents 1- Fasciola hepatica 2- Fasciola gigantica • Fasciola is a well known parasite of herbivorous animals

  15. 2– Etiologic agents • Ova - average 145 x 80 uM large, yellow-brown, • Adult fluke - 2 - 3 cm, flat, leaf shaped • 1O in liver; bile passages, gall bladder

  16. Clinical epidemiology of infectious diseases • Definition and public health importance • Etiologic agents • Incubation period • Natural course • Geographical distribution • Timeline trend • Age, Gender, Occupation, Social situation • Predisposing factors • Susceptibility & Resistance • Secondary attack rate • Modes of transmission, period of communicability OCCURRENCE • Prevention : primary, secondary, tertiary

  17. 1- Incubation period • Variable (~ 3 months)

  18. 2- Natural course

  19. Clinical Features In the acute phase • Abdominal pain, • Hepatomegaly, • Fever, • Vomiting, • Diarrhea, • Urticaria • Eosinophilia, • Can last for months

  20. Clinical Features In the chronic phase • Reflect intermittent biliary obstruction • Biliary inflammation • Ectopic locations of infection can occur. • Complications ???

  21. 2 ـ سير طبيعي (مرور) • ميزان موارد بدون علامت (ساب كلينيكال) • ميزان موارد حاد • ميزان موارد مزمن • ميزان موارد بهبودي خودبخودي • سير بعدي بيماري با درمان و بدون درمان • ميزان مرتاليتي و مربيديتي

  22. Fascioliasis in Kermanshah Symptoms

  23. Fascioliasis in Kermanshah Signs

  24. 3- Geographical distribution • It has a worldwide distribution in the animal reservoir host • A large variety of animals, such as sheep, goats, cattle, buffalo, horses and rabbits show infection rates that may reach 90% in some areas

  25. Geographical distribution • Infection of the human host was very sporadic • Outbreaks were reported • It has now become an important emerging foodborne • The estimated number of people infected is 2.4 million in 61 countries

  26. Geographical distribution • The number at risk is more than 180 million throughout the world • The largest numbers of infected people have been reported from : Bolivia, China, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Iran, Peru and Portugal

  27. In Iran The first human case was diagnosed surgically in 1955 In the recent past, up to 100 cases have been diagnosed per year In 1988, an outbreak, considered the biggest in the world, occurred in the Gilan province It began in February 1988, lasted for 18 months

  28. In Iran • About 10000 people were infected • The outbreak was related to an increased consumption of local green aquatic vegetables in the province

  29. In Iran Isfahan in the central part of the country The population at risk in these provinces is estimated to be 6 million Studies in Iran have revealed the following characteristics of infection:

  30. In Iran With regard to age, sex, clustering of cases and social class, the data are similar to those in Egypt. The peak of transmission is from February to June (Bahman to Khordad).

  31. In Iran • The vehicles for metacercariae are the green aquatic vegetables, mainly water cress, lettuce and khali-vash • Patients in the outbreak were treated with triclabendazole and the cure rate was 90%.

  32. In Iran Fascioliasis is becoming an increasing threat to public health There is still a lack of awareness of this emerging problem in countries in the region

  33. In Iran • An urgent priority is to carry out surveillance studies to determine the risk of infection • It is expected that the true prevalence is higher than that reported

  34. Fascioliasis in Iran

  35. Fascioliasis in Kermanshah

  36. 4- Timeline trend • پاندمي ها ؟(Pandemics) • اپيدمي ها ؟(Epidemics) • طغيان ها ؟ (Outbreaks) • تناوب زماني ؟ (Duration) • الگوي فصلي ؟(Seasonality)

  37. 5- Age, sex, occupation … • The disease affects all ages, both sexes, all social classes and professions, particularly inhabitants of rural areas • The prevalence is lowest in children under 5 years of age • Females are more commonly infected, the sex ratio being 1.4:1.

  38. Fascioliasis in Kermanshah Age distribution

  39. 6- predisposing factors • عوامل فرهنگي و عقيدتي • زمينه هائي نظير ضعف ايمني ، ابتلاء به بيماريهاي سركوبگر ايمني ، مصرف داروهاي مضعف سيستم ايمني • استرس هاي مختلف • فقر و بي خانماني

  40. 7- susceptibility and resistance • مقاومت طبيعي • مصونيت اكتسابي بعد از ابتلاء • مصونيت اكتسابي بعد از واكسيناسيون

  41. 8- Secondary attack rate

  42. Life Cycle:

  43. Life Cycle: • Eggs are discharged in the biliary ducts and in the stool • Eggs become embryonated in water • Eggs release miracidia, which invade a suitable snail including many species of the genus Lymnae.

  44. Life Cycle: • The cercariae are released from the snail and encyst as metacercariae on aquatic vegetation or other surfaces • Mammals acquire the infection by eating vegetation containing metacercariae • Humans can become infected by ingesting metacercariae-containing freshwater plants, especially watercress

  45. Life Cycle: • After ingestion, the metacercariae excyst in the duodenum and migrate through the intestinal wall, the peritoneal cavity, and the liver parenchyma into the biliary ducts, where they develop into adults

  46. Life Cycle: • In humans, maturation from metacercariae into adult flukes takes approximately 3 to 4 months • The adult flukes reside in the large biliary ducts of the mammalian host

  47. Prevention & control • Primary Prevention: • Prevention of disease in “well” individuals • Secondary Prevention: • Identification and intervention in early stages of disease • Tertiary Prevention: • Prevention of further deterioration, reduction in complications

  48. 1- Primary prevention Mass treatment of the animal reservoir Proper diagnosis and treatment of patients, using triclabendazole Snail control Plantation of salad vegetables in safe areas

  49. prevention and control • Health education and orientation towards: • Proper washing of salad vegetables, • Using either 6% vinegar (100 ml/l) or potassium permanganate (24 mg/l) for 5 to 10 minutes

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