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Working with Transformations

Working with Transformations. Think of the “deep” meaning sentence as one from which all possible transformations have been stripped. Some Possible Transformations. positive to negative declarative to interrogative declarative to imperative exclamatory: “How lovely you look today!”

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Working with Transformations

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  1. Working with Transformations Think of the “deep” meaning sentence as one from which all possible transformations have been stripped

  2. Some Possible Transformations • positive to negative • declarative to interrogative • declarative to imperative • exclamatory: “How lovely you look today!” • do-emphasis: “I did empty the dishwasher.” • do-support (only in negative or interrogative) • there: “There’s a skunk in our tent.” (usually pattern 1) • active to passive (only with patterns 7-10) • what-cleft: “What bothered me was her attitude.” • Note that one adds a pattern 3 clause • it-cleft: “It was John who won the election.” • Note that one adds a pattern 3 clause

  3. First, find the conjugated verbs, and then determine the pattern. • Bob’s cousin has borrowed my car this weekend. • Bob’s cousin has borrowed my car this weekend. • Bob’s cousin has borrowed my car this weekend. NP NPNP subject direct object adverb

  4. Diagram if you wish cousin has borrowed car Bob’s my weekend this Pattern 7 – no transformations

  5. Find the conjugated verbs, and then determine the pattern • Hasn’t the teacher already been given next year’s schedule? • Hasn’t the teacher already been given next year’s schedule? • Hasn’t the teacher already been given next year’s schedule? verb NP Adv verb NP subject direct object Pattern 8 passive, negative, and interrogative

  6. Take away all the transformations • Someone has already given the teacher next year’s schedule. NP V Adv V NP NP subject indirect object direct object Someone has given schedule year’s already teacher next the Pattern 8 -- UNTRANSFORMED

  7. The original transformed sentence teacher has been given schedule The year’s already n’t next Pattern 8 passive

  8. The it-cleft – usually adds a “3” main clause pattern 3 It was onions the that ruined stew the adjective or relative clause pattern 7 b/c deep structure is 7

  9. What-cleft – usually adds a “3” noun clause pattern 7 because deep clause is 7 I don’t understand what electricity is main clause is 3

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