Observatory on Local Autonomy

1. Local Government in France . Observatory on Local Autonomy

2. Local Self-GovernmentDefinition (1) Initié par des chercheurs de l’Université de Lille 2 (France), OLA est un réseau de recherche scientifique, principalement composé d’universitaires et de hauts-responsables d’administration d’État et de collectivité locale appartenant à chacun des 27 États-membres de l’Union européenne. Comme le montre la composition de ces équipes, les domaines universitaires couverts sont volontairement larges puisqu’ils touchent autant au droit, à la science politique, à la sociologie, qu’ à l’histoire, l’économie, la géographie, etc. • Local Autonomy is defined by the 1985 European Charter of Local Self-Government (article 3, paragraph 1). It was ratified in France in 2006. • ‘Local self‑government denotes the right and the ability of local authorities, within the limits of the law, to regulate and manage a substantial share of public affairs under their own responsibility and in the interests of the local population.’

3. Local Self-GovernmentDefinition (2) Initié par des chercheurs de l’Université de Lille 2 (France), OLA est un réseau de recherche scientifique, principalement composé d’universitaires et de hauts-responsables d’administration d’État et de collectivité locale appartenant à chacun des 27 États-membres de l’Union européenne. Comme le montre la composition de ces équipes, les domaines universitaires couverts sont volontairement larges puisqu’ils touchent autant au droit, à la science politique, à la sociologie, qu’ à l’histoire, l’économie, la géographie, etc. • In France, local self-government means ‘decentralisation’. Central government is supposed to: - create distinctive local authorities (a sine qua non reason for implementing local self-government) - allocate certain responsibilities to these local authorities

4. Local Self-GovernmentDefinition (3) Initié par des chercheurs de l’Université de Lille 2 (France), OLA est un réseau de recherche scientifique, principalement composé d’universitaires et de hauts-responsables d’administration d’État et de collectivité locale appartenant à chacun des 27 États-membres de l’Union européenne. Comme le montre la composition de ces équipes, les domaines universitaires couverts sont volontairement larges puisqu’ils touchent autant au droit, à la science politique, à la sociologie, qu’ à l’histoire, l’économie, la géographie, etc. • Decentralisation shall be implemented through the principle of free administration for local authorities (Article 72, paragraph 2 of the French Constitution, 1958) • The communities shall be self-governed through elected councils (article 72 of the Constitution) and through financial autonomy (article 72 of the Constitution).

5. French Regions

6. The Legal Framework Initié par des chercheurs de l’Université de Lille 2 (France), OLA est un réseau de recherche scientifique, principalement composé d’universitaires et de hauts-responsables d’administration d’État et de collectivité locale appartenant à chacun des 27 États-membres de l’Union européenne. Comme le montre la composition de ces équipes, les domaines universitaires couverts sont volontairement larges puisqu’ils touchent autant au droit, à la science politique, à la sociologie, qu’ à l’histoire, l’économie, la géographie, etc. • Local self-government has gained the value of a constitutional principle (see: art. 72 to 75-1 and art. 76 to 77) • Since 1996, a specific ‘code’ has gathered Acts of Parliament and statutes that are dedicated to local government law (also accessible in English on Legifrance website): ‘Code général des collectivités territoriales’ (CGCT ).

7. Legal Specificities • Local authorities are allowed to make experimentations (al. 4 art. 72 C) • Local government law has been strongly orientated towards constitutional law after the constitutional reform of 2003 • The Balladur Committee (March 2009): a significant development?

8. General presentation of local government system (situation to-day) • - Basic datas • Special statuses for some local authorities • Inter-communal co-operation (joint bodies)

9. Basic Datas

10. Basic Datas • Local authorities are listed in the French Constitution (Article 72, paragraph 1) • The Constitution determines the types and numbers of local authorities in the French Republic: • 36 686 ‘communes’ (municipalities) • 100‘départements’ (provinces) • 26 regions (including Corsica) • Overseas authorities (current situation, 1st January 2009)

11. Traditional local authorities’ structure (1) Each local authority has a deliberative and an executive body

12. Traditional local authorities’ structure (2) Deliberative bodies are directly elected for six years Local government law is developing and gradually opposition (minority) political party groups are being granted a new status and new means Executive bodies are elected by and within the deliberative bodies, therefore indirectly Slowly but steadily a specific status oflocal ‘representatives’ is being created in order to overcome the accumulation of mandates

13. Local government responsibilities (1) • The region is in charge of: • Economic development • Vocational training • Spatial planning • Secondary school maintanance • Environment and culture

14. Local responsibilities (2) Départements’ core activities are social policies and sustainable development. Municipalities are mainly in charge of local services in order to meet the local communities’ needs (e.g. primary school, waste disposal, water system, public lightning,...). Together with the local police, they are also responsible for law and order.

15. Control over Local Authorities Article 72, paragraphe 6 of the French Constitution : ‘In the territorial communities of the Republic, central government is represented by a préfet who represents each Government member and who will be responsible for national interests, administrative supervisions and compliance with the law’. Local finances are controlled by the Regional Courts of Accounts under the supervision of the national Court of Accounts.

16. Special statuses for some local authorities

17. Local authorities with a special status (1) • 3 cities have had a specific status since 1982: Paris, Lyon and Marseille • 4‘départements have a special status: the so called ‘D.O.M’(Département d’outre-mer, overseas provinces), namely Guadeloupe, Martinique, Ile of La Réunion and French Guiana. After a positive referendum on 29 March 2009, will be the5th DOM from 2011 on.

18. Local authorities with special status (2) • Some Regional Councils have a special status: • Corsica • Ile-de-France (Paris area) • ROMs (‘Régions d’outre-mer’,overseas regions): ROMs have the same areas as DOMs except that ROMs are composed of one sole ‘département’ • After rgional referendums (January 2010) Guadalupe and Martinique will unitary authorities with a new status which shall be created along with the reform for overseas authorities (expected in 2010-2011)

19. Local authorities with a special status (3) • COMs: Collectivités d’outre-mer (overseas local authorities) • - Near the East African coast: Mayotte • Nearthe American continent: Saint Pierre and Miquelon (near Canada), Saint-Martin Island and Saint- Barthélémy Island (near the West Indies) • Close to the North and South Pole: French Southern and Antarctic Lands • In Oceania : French Polynesia, New Caledonia (title XIII of the French Constitution), Wallis-and-Futuna Islands and the Clipperton Island

20. Inter-communal co-operation (joint bodies)

21. Inter-communal co-operation (1) France has too many small communes. In order to overcome this problem, special institutions (joint bodies) were created and they are called ‘établissements publics de coopération intercommunale (EPCI)’. These bodies are public authorities that incorporate several communes. EPCI share common means, especially financial resources, in order to carry out common projects. Their responsibilities are delegated from ‘their’ member-communes.

22. Inter-communal co-operation (2) • Various types of inter-communal co-operation • (figures as from 1st January 2010): • Since 1890: 15 903 ‘Syndicatsintercommunaux à vocation unique (SIVU) ou à vocation multiple (SIVOM)’ and ‘Syndicatsmixtes’ • Since 1966 (reformed in 1999): 16 urban communities (incorporating over half a million inhabitants): Lille, Strasbourg, Lyon, etc… • Since 1992: 2406 ‘communautés de communes’ • Since 1999:174 ‘agglomérations de commune’ (with a minimum population of 50,000 inhabitants)