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A Guide on Geotechnical Instruments Types, & Application

Geotechnical instruments are the sensors that are used in the geotechnical field or large civil engineering projects to monitor the health of the structures. Letu2019s dig deeper into the fascinating world of geotechnical sensors, their types, working, as well as, the applications.

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A Guide on Geotechnical Instruments Types, & Application

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  1. A Guide on Geotechnical Instruments Types, & Application

  2. 1 5 WHAT IS GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTATION? INTRODUCTION 2 6 WHAT IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING? SCOPE OF GEOTECHNICAL SENSORS IN VARIOUS MONITORING FIELDS TABLE OF CONTENT 3 7 WHY GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IS ESSENTIAL? TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS 4 ADVANTAGES OF GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING

  3. 1 INTRODUCTION As the world is developing rapidly and transforming into a concrete jungle, the need for geotechnical instrumentation and monitoring has increased.

  4. 1 INTRODUCTION Geotechnical instruments are the sensors that are used in the geotechnical field or large civil engineering projects to monitor the health of the structures. Geotechnical monitoring is necessary to keep a regular check on structures like dams, bridges, tunnels, railway tracks, buildings, etc. Starting from the surveying of land before constructing a structure on it till its com- pletion, geotechnical monitoring plays a vital role.

  5. 2 WHAT IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING? Geotechnical monitoring is a branch of geotechnical engineering that deals with constant health check-up of the structures.

  6. 2 WHAT IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING? The civil engineering projects require an extensive amount of monitoring pre and post-construction to ensure everyone's safety. For buildings, structures and bridges etc., it is recommended that Structural Health should be continuously monitored to ensure proper maintenance and safety of man as well as the material. Encardio-Rite is a 52-year-old geotechnical monitoring company that provides indig- enous online monitoring services for civil engineering structural projects and water resources with remote access to collected data in real-time.

  7. 3 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? WHY GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IS ESSENTIAL? A structure can fail because of numerous reasons like design error, geological insta- bility, poor maintenance, deterioration of construction material, etc. However, a good geotechnical monitoring programme can prevent such failures by providing the following information: Geotechnical Monitoring for research • • • Determination and evaluation of design parameters Testing of new construction materials and techniques Study of the laws of behaviour of soil, rock and man-made materials used in the construction of such structures.

  8. 3 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? WHY GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IS ESSENTIAL? Geotechnical Monitoring during construction: • • • • • To verify the hypothesis and the assumptions of design To monitor safety during construction To measure the change in parameters during construction To ensure that the interface of construction with adjacent structures and foundation is sound To certify the performance of the new construction

  9. 3 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? WHY GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IS ESSENTIAL? Geotechnical Monitoring after construction is completed: • • • Performance monitoring for safety during the life of the structure Evaluation of the effect of the structural operation on parameters like stress, strain, water, pressure, inclination, deflection etc. Comparison of observed data with design assumptions

  10. 4 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? ADVANTAGES OF GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING Design Verification • • Instruments are used to verify design assumptions and to check that performance is as predicted. Instrument data from the initial phase of a project may reveal the need (or the opportunity) to modify the design in later phases. Construction Control Instruments are used to monitor the effects of construction. Instrument data can help the engineer determine how fast construction can proceed without the risk of failure.

  11. 4 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? ADVANTAGES OF GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING Safety • • • Instruments can provide early warning of impending failures, allowing time for safe evacuation of the area and time to implement remedial action. Safety of adjacent structures Safety monitoring requires quick retrieval, processing and presentation of data so that decisions can be made promptly. Legal Protection Instrument data can provide evidence for a legal defence of designers and contractors against owners of adjacent properties if they claim that construction has caused damage.

  12. 4 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? ADVANTAGES OF GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING Performance • • • Instruments are used to monitor the in-service performance of a structure. For example, Monitoring parameters such as leakage, pore-water pressure, and deformation can provide an indication of the performance of a dam. Monitoring loads on tiebacks or rock bolts and movements within a slope can provide an indication of the performance of a drainage system installed in a stabilized slope.

  13. 5 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? WHAT IS GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTATION? Instrumentation plays a key role in safety monitoring of structures and people, providing necessary information on its performance and detect problems at an early stage. The extent and nature of instrumentation not only depends on the complexity of the structure but also on the potential for loss of life and property nearby.ttt

  14. 5 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? WHAT IS GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTATION? This information is critical for the structure's owner who is directly responsible for any consequences of its failure. Geotechnical instrumentation includes different types of sensors used for measuring pore pressure, groundwater level, water flow, lateral movement, deformation, stress, strain and temperature. Advances in geotechnical instrumentation, surveying technologies and data transmission systems make it possible to monitor the dams, bridges, railways, metros, buildings, tunnels, etc. from any remote location, conveniently and economically. The data logger and total station automatically collect reading from the installed sensors and targets, at selected intervals. An alarm is triggered or SMS is automatically sent if any of the pre-determined trigger values are exceeded.

  15. 5 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? WHAT IS GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTATION? Data is transmitted to a remote data management system, at a central server or cloud, where large quantities of collected data are processed, evaluated and pre- sented as meaningful information. The same becomes accessible to the concerned authorities, at their desk or mobile devices through the World Wide Web.

  16. 6 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? SCOPE OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS IN VARIOUS MONITORING FIELDS Dam Monitoring Solutions Parameters Monitored Water level, Water pressure and seepageLateral ground movement, Deformation, DisplacementStress, Strain, LoadTemperatureTilt, Surface Settlement Services Offered Cloud-based web data presentations for online as well as manual data Sub-surface and surface monitoring of various parameters Pre and post construction building condition survey Laser Scanning Geotechnical Instrumentation Range Piezometers, Earth Pressure Cells, Strain Gauges, Inclinometers, Plumb Lines, Extensometers, Crack Meters, Joint Meters, Temperature Meters, Load Cells, Data Loggers, Geodetic Targets, Database Management System

  17. 6 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? SCOPE OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS IN VARIOUS MONITORING FIELDS Typical Instrumentation Scheme – Earth Dam

  18. 6 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? SCOPE OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS IN VARIOUS MONITORING FIELDS Typical Instrumentation Scheme – Concrete Dam

  19. 6 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? SCOPE OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS IN VARIOUS MONITORING FIELDS Tunnel Monitoring Solutions Parameters Monitored Lateral ground movement, Deformation, Displacement Stress, Strain, Load Temperature, Tilt, Surface Settlement Areas Monitored Underground tunnels and excavations, Struts in cut and cover constructions, Diaphragm Walls, Pile foundations and sheet piles, Adjoining buildings, structures, pavements etc. Services Offered Cloud-based web data presentations for online as well as manual data Sub-surface and surface monitoring of various parameters Pre and post construction building condition survey, Laser Scanning Geotechnical Instrumentation Range Piezometers, Earth Pressure Cells, Strain Gauges, Inclinometers, Plumb Lines, Extensometers, Crack Meters, Joint Meters, Temperature Meters Load Cells, Data Loggers, Geodetic Targets, Database Management System

  20. 6 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? SCOPE OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS IN VARIOUS MONITORING FIELDS Typical instrumentation scheme – NATM Tunnel

  21. 6 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? SCOPE OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS IN VARIOUS MONITORING FIELDS Typical Instrumentation Scheme – TBM Tunnel

  22. 6 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? SCOPE OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS IN VARIOUS MONITORING FIELDS Typical instrumentation scheme – Deep Excavation

  23. 6 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? SCOPE OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS IN VARIOUS MONITORING FIELDS Structural Monitoring Solutions Parameters Monitored Tilt Monitoring, Crack Monitoring, Settlement Monitoring, Lateral Ground Movement, Temperature Monitoring, Pore Pressure Monitoring Safety of high-rise buildings during construction, Safety of buildings and infrastructures during construction activity in vicinity, Safety of old and depleted buildings, Safety of structures subjected to long-term movement or degradation of materialsSafety of monuments and structures of historical importance, Safety of structures in landslide prone areas Services Offered Geotechnical Instrumentation Range Piezometers, Earth Pressure Cells, Strain Gauges, Inclinometers, Plumb Lines, Extensometers, Crack Meters, Joint Meters, Temperature Meters, Load Cells, Data Loggers, Geodetic Targets, Database Management System

  24. 6 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? SCOPE OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS IN VARIOUS MONITORING FIELDS Typical Instrumentation Scheme – Structures

  25. 6 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? SCOPE OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS IN VARIOUS MONITORING FIELDS Typical Instrumentation Scheme – Structures

  26. 6 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? SCOPE OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS IN VARIOUS MONITORING FIELDS Typical Instrumentation Scheme – Pile Testing (Foundation)

  27. 7 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS Multiple sensors are used in the field of geotechnical monitoring. Encardio-Rite deals with a wide range of geotechnical instruments which include piezometers, extensometers, data loggers, strain gauges, load cells, pressure cells etc.

  28. 7 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS Piezometers or Pore Pressure Meters Pore pressure measurement is crucial for large civil engineering projects like high rise buildings, tunnels, dams, etc.

  29. 7 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS The pressure experienced by the water accumulated in the pores of earth materials, concrete structures or rocks is called pore water pressure. The pore water pressure is measured by a piezometer sensor which is also popularly known as ‘pore pressure meter’. Encardio-Rite deals with different types of piezometers to according to the application field.

  30. 7 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS Types of Piezometers • Model EPP-10/10SP Casagrande Piezometer/Standpipe • Model EPP-10/6 Water Level Indicator

  31. 7 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS • Model EPP-30V Vibrating Wire Piezometer • Model EPP-40V Vibrating Slim Wire Piezometer

  32. 7 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS • Model EPP-50V Vibrating Wire Push-In Piezometer • Model EPP-60V Vibrating Wire Low-Pressure Piezometer

  33. 7 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS • Model EPU-20G Bourdon Gage Type Uplift Pressure System

  34. 7 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS • Model EPU-20V Vibrating Wire Uplift Pressure System • Model ESM-11V Seepage Measurement Sensor for Weirs

  35. 7 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS Inclinometers An inclinometer is a transducer that measures the magnitude of the inclination angle or deformation in any structure. The bent is either depicted in percentage or degrees concerning gravity. Inclinometers are used to measure the slope gradient during activities like tunnelling, excavation and de-watering. Such activities affect the ground that supports the structure.

  36. 7 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS Types of inclinometers • Model EAN-26M Digital Inclinometer System • Model EAN-51MV, EAN-52MV Vertical In-Place Inclinometer System

  37. 7 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS • Model EAN-53MW Wireless In-place Inclinometer (IPI) System

  38. 7 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS Tilt Beam Sensors A tilt sensor is designed to measure the change in tilt and monitor inclination/verti- cal rotation in vertical structures. Tilt sensor produces an electrical signal which is proportional to the degree of tilt in multiple axes (Uniaxial & Biaxial).

  39. 7 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS Tilt sensors measure the tilting position with respect to its original reference. It pro- vides important information about both the vertical and horizontal inclination tilt. The main purpose to use a tilt sensor is to measure tilt changes in structures due to construction activities such as tunnelling, excavation and de-watering that affect the ground that support the structure. The tilt sensor works on the Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology to provide a digital output.

  40. 7 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS Types of Tilt Beam Sensors • Model EAN-31EL, EAN-31EL-B & EAN-41EL-B Series of Electrolytic Uniaxial Tilt Meters & Beam Sensors • Model EAN-41M/EAN-42M (SDI-12) MEMS Beam Sensors

  41. 7 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS • Model EAN-70M Portable Tilt Meter • Model EAN-90M/92M Tilt Meter

  42. 7 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS • Model EAN-91M Tilt Meter • Model EAN-91M-B/EAN-93M-B MEMS Beam Sensors

  43. 7 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS • Model EAN-95MW Wireless Tilt Meter

  44. 7 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS • Model EAN-96MW Wireless Triaxial Tilt Meter • Model ESDL-30MT Tilt Meter with Automatic Data Logger

  45. 7 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS Strain Gauges Strain Gauges are one of the vital geotechnical sensors that measure strain in under- ground cavities, tunnels, buildings, concrete, masonry dams, bridges, embedment in soil/concrete etc. Any basic strain gauge sensor consists of an insulating flexible metallic foil backing. To measure the stress, the strain gauge is attached to the object using an adhe- sive/welding.

  46. 7 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS The deformation in the object causes the change in frequency of the vibrating wire. Strain gauges offer the ability to measure the effect of loads, settlement or other changes in a structure. They record strain, which is a dimensionless measure of deformation. Stress is related to strain by a material’s properties and is predictable within a certain range of applied strain.

  47. 7 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS Types of strain gauges • Model EDS-11V Hermetically Sealed Vibrating Wire Strain Gauge • Model EDS-12V Vibrating Wire Sister Bar Strain Meter

  48. 7 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS • Model EDS-20V SW Vibrating Wire Spot Weldable Strain Gauge • Model EDS-20V-AW Vibrating Wire Arc Weldable Strain Gauge

  49. 7 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS • Model EDS-20V-E Vibrating Wire Embedment Strain Gauge • Model EDS-21V-AW Arc Wieldable Strain Gauge

  50. 7 WHY IS GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING IMPORTANT? TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS • Model EDS-21V-E Embedment Strain Gauge

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