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Inclinometers Types, How They Work, & Functions

An inclinometer is a sensor that measures the magnitude of slope, tilt, elevation, or depression of an object with respect to the gravity. The tilt indicator sensors are of various types and sizes. Here we will discuss all the different Models of inclinometers that Encardio-Rite deals with.

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Inclinometers Types, How They Work, & Functions

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  1. INCLINOMETER TYPES, HOWTHEYWORK &FUNCTIONS

  2. 1 What is aninclinometer? 2 Types ofinclinometers 3 TABLEOF CONTENT How do inclinometerswork? Inclinometerinstallation Procedure 4 5 Applications ofInclinometer Encardio-Rite’smodels ofinclinometers 6

  3. WHAT IS ANINCLINOMETER? Aninclinometerisasensorusedtomeasurethemagnitudeoftheinclinationangle ordeformationofanystructureinpercentageordegreesw.r.tgravity. Inclinometer areusedtomeasuretheslopegradientduringactivitiesliketunnelling, excavation and de-watering as such activities affect the ground that supports the structure. Eachinclinometersystemrequiresacombinationofequipmentandsensorstomea- sure and collectdata. 1

  4. TYPES OFINCLINOMETERS Manual Inclinometer/DigitalInclinometer Amanualinclinometersystemiscomposedofthefollowingcomponents: 2

  5. TYPES OFINCLINOMETERS · Traversing InclinometerProbe Thetraversinginclinometerprobeconsistsofacoupleofgravity-sensingaccelerom- eters in a stainless steelcarriage. Itcontainstwosetsofspring-pressuredwheelsthatguidetheprobeaccuratelyat any depth in thecasing. Thespacingbetweenthewheelsisusually0.5m.Themeasurementsaredoneinthe A-axisi.e.inthedirectionofthewheelsandB-axisi.e.perpendiculartotheA-axis. Theprobesforhorizontalcasingaremadedifferently.Thesensorsaremountedto measuretheverticaldisplacementwhilekeepingthebottom-trackingwheelsfixed. 2

  6. TYPES OFINCLINOMETERS · InclinometerCasing Theinclinometercasingisusedtoguidetheprobewithinthecasingwithfourlongi- tudinal wheel grooves, spaced 90°apart. Outofthese,onlyonesetoftheoppositegroovesintheexpecteddirectionofthe displacement isused. The casing is generally installed in the ground, within drilled holes and the annular spacegrouted.However,thereareotherinstallationswherethecasingisembedded in concretestructures. Thecasingconnectionsealsoutsoil,grout,andothermaterialwhilekeepingthe groovesclean. 2

  7. TYPES OFINCLINOMETERS · Inclinometer CableReel Theinclinometercablereelisattachedtotheslopegaugeprobeandreadoutdevice. Itisusedtotransmitelectricalsignalsduringmeasurementsandserveasaprecise, repeatable depth control for theprobe. Thecablehasadistinctdesignandisconstructedtoprovidelong-termlongitudinal stability. Itismadeessentiallytoserveasameasuringtape.Inotherwords,itismadetobe durable,waterproof,non-stretch,non-shrinkwithahightorqueresistance 2

  8. TYPES OFINCLINOMETERS · Mobile ReadoutUnit Themobilereadoutunitisusedtorecordthedataateachdepthinterval.Itiscapa- bleofstoringmultipledatasetsandcanperformfieldcheckstoverifythevalidityof themeasurements. 2

  9. TYPES OFINCLINOMETERS • AnIn-placeInclinometerconsistsofthefollowingcomponents: • Bottom wheelassembly • In place Inclinometersensor • Spacertubing(length:needtospecifyaspertherequirement) • Placement tubing (Topmostpart) • Suspensionkit • Protectivecover • Junctionbox • Data Logger:ESDL-30 2

  10. TYPES OFINCLINOMETERS 2 In-placeinclinometersarefurtherdividedintotwotypes-UniaxialandBi-axial.The biaxialin-placetiltindicatorsconsistofacoupleofMEMSsensorsattachedat90°.

  11. How do inclinometerswork? Theinclinometerprobesarebuiltusingtwotypesofaccelerometers: Servo-Accelerometer Theforce-balancedsensingelementshousedinaninclinometerprobedetectthe change in tilt (fromreference). The probe consists of a couple of biaxial servo-accelerometers. It is fitted with two setsofspring-pressuredwheelstoguidetheprobealongthelongitudinalgroovesof the inclinometercasing. 3

  12. How do inclinometerswork? MEMSAccelerometer SuchclinometersaretermedasMEMSInclinometers. CurrentlytheMEMS(Micro-Electro-MechanicalSystems)technologyisbeingused to build the tiltsensor probe. TheMEMSconsistofmechanicalelements,sensors,actuatorsandelectronicsona common silicon substrate through microfabricationtechnology. Accelerationcausesdeflectionoftheproofmassfromitscentreposition.Thereare 32setsofradialfingersaroundthefoursidesofthesquareproofmass. Eachfingerandpairoffixedplatesmakeupadifferentialcapacitor. Thedeflectionoftheproofmassisdeterminedbymeasuringthedifferential capacitance. 3

  13. How do inclinometerswork? Bythismethod,bothdynamicacceleration(i.e.shockorvibration)andstaticaccel- eration(i.e.inclinationorrotation)canbesensed. Signalconditioningiscarriedoutwithininclinometerssothatasimpleoutputsignal isobtained. Thisoutputcanbeusedinconjunctionwithacalibrationsheettoeasilycalculate theamountoftiltthathasoccurred. 3

  14. INCLINOMETER INSTALLATIONPROCEDURE Inclinometers can be installed in twoways: Vertically Verticalinclinometersareusedformeasuringrelativehorizontaldisplacementsaf- fectingtheshapeofaguidecasing,embeddedinthegroundorstructure. A near-vertical gauge well is constructed by installing the clinometer casing in a borehole,embeddinginanearth/rockfillorconcretestructureduringandpost-con- struction. Theclinometerprobeisthenpassedthroughtheentirelengthofthegaugewell frombottomtotop,takingreadingsatfixedpre-determinedintervals. Aprobeconsistingofacoupleofprecisionaccelerometerssensestheinclinationof the access tube 90° toeach other. 4

  15. INCLINOMETER INSTALLATIONPROCEDURE Thebottomendoftheguidecasingservesasastablereference(datum)andmust be embedded beyond the displacementzone. Relativedisplacementovertimeisdeterminedbyrepeatingmeasurementsatthe same depths and comparing datasets. 4

  16. INCLINOMETER INSTALLATIONPROCEDURE Horizontally Horizontalinclinometersareinstalledtomonitortheprofilesofsettlementorheave under storage tanks, embankments, dams, andlandfills. Thehorizontalinclinometerprobeconsistsofaforce-balancedservo-accelerometer whichmeasuresinclinationfromhorizontalintheplaneoftheprobewheels. Achangeintiltangleisnotedandthisindicatesthatthemovementhasoccurred. Themovementiscalculatedbyfindingthedifferencebetweenthecurrentinclination readingandtheinitialreadingwhileconvertingtheresulttoaverticaldistance. 4

  17. APPLICATIONS OFINCLINOMETERS Monitoring retaining structure'sperformance The performance of retaining structures, such as sheet pile walls, soldier pile walls ormechanicallystabilizedearth(MSE)systemsisadverselyaffectedbylateralpres- sures or groundmovements. Deformations in retaining structures could occur during and after construction. Theinclinometersystemisdesignedtomeasurethemagnitudeoftiltanddifferen- tialdeformationbehindorwithinthewallface. Thecasingcanbeinstalledverticallyinboreholes,adjacenttothewallfaceorcan be embedded within structuralelements. Traversing-typeinclinometerprobesareusuallyusedtodeterminetherelativeshape oftheretainingstructureandchangesinitoverawhile. 5

  18. APPLICATIONS OFINCLINOMETERS Monitoring slopestability Slopesincutsorfillsembankmentscanbemonitoredforstabilityduringandafter construction.Insuchcases,theinclinometercasingsareinstalledinsidethebore- holes, similar to landslidemonitoring. MonitoringExcavations Theimpactofexcavationsismonitoredtostudyitseffectonnearbystructures,utili- ties, and other criticalfacilities. Insuchcases,inclinometercasingsareplacedinsidetheverticalboreholeslocated between the excavation boundary and thenearby facilities. Theinclinometercasingcanalsobeinstalledintheexcavationsystem. 5

  19. APPLICATIONS OFINCLINOMETERS Monitoring during tunneldrilling Inclinometerscanbeusedtomonitorstressreliefgroundmovementsandpossible displacementofrockblocksduringtheconstructionoftunnelsandshafts. Gradientmetersareusedtoverifytheadequacyofgroundsupports,detectpotential flaws in the construction approach, and serve as a warning system for potential groundfailure. Monitoring pile and drilled pierperformance Inclinometerscanbeusedtomeasurethedeformationofdeepfoundationssubject- ed to large lateral loads. The level meter/tilt sensor casing can be embedded within or attached to structuralelements. 5

  20. ENCARDIO-RITE’S MODELS OFINCLINOMETERS Encardio-RitedealswithoneofthemostadvancedMEMSdigitalinclinometer systems, and in-placeclinometers. Model EAN-26M Digital InclinometerSystem Encardio-Rite'sModelEAN-26MisoneofthemostadvancedMEMSdigitalinclinom- etersystems. Itusesthecapabilityofhighcomputationalpowerandlargehigh-resolutioncolour display of today’s Android mobilephones. 6

  21. ENCARDIO-RITE’S MODELS OFINCLINOMETERS ThemobilephoneusesthewirelessBluetoothconnectiontocommunicatewiththe inclinometer reelunit. TheEAN-26MInclinometersystemismuchlighterinweightandisverymuchliked byfieldpersonnelwhohavetocarrythesystemfromboreholetoboreholeforlog- ging. Thedigitalslopegaugesystemconsistsofatraversingtypedigitaltiltsensingprobe thatisconnectedtoareelunitkeptatboreholetop. ThereelunitconsistsofawindingreelthatholdsthecableandawirelessBluetooth relayunitthatsendsthedigitalprobedatatothemobilephone. 6

  22. ENCARDIO-RITE’S MODELS OFINCLINOMETERS Model EAN-26M-2 Vertical Inclinometer ProbeSystem InModelEAN-26M-2VerticalInclinometerProbeSystem,adigitalprobeofstainless steelconstructionisfittedwithtwopairsofpivotedsprungwheelswhichcanrotate freely. 6

  23. ENCARDIO-RITE’S MODELS OFINCLINOMETERS Thespring-loadedwheelarmshelptopositiontheprobecentrallyinsidetheaccess casing at any requireddepth. TheprobeconsistsoftwoprecisionMEMSaccelerometers.Oneaccelerometerhas itsaxisintheplaneofthewheelsandotherat900toit. Theprobesenseshorizontaldeviationbetweentheprobeaxisandtheverticalplane, simultaneously in both the orthogonalaxis 6

  24. ENCARDIO-RITE’S MODELS OFINCLINOMETERS Model EAN-51MV, EAN-52MV Vertical In-Place InclinometerSystem Encardio-Rite'sModelEAN-51Mverticalin-placeinclinometerisusedtomeasurethe lateral movement ofearthworks or structures. Itprovidessignificantquantitativedataonthemagnitudeofinclinationortiltofa foundation,embankmentorslopeanditsvariationswithtime. 6

  25. ENCARDIO-RITE’S MODELS OFINCLINOMETERS Italsoprovidesthepatternofdeformation,zonesofpotentialdangerandeffective- ness ofconstruction control measures undertaken. Itsdataloggingandreal-timemonitoringfeaturehelptoprovideearlywarningin case offailures. Italsohelpsinobservingthebehaviourofgroundmovementafterconstructionand indicatespotentiallydangerousconditionsthatmayadverselyaffectthestabilityof the structure, its foundation andappurtenant. A suspension stainless steel wire rope is available to position a single or group of sensorswheretheprofileofentireboreholeisnotofinterestbutonlyaspecificpor- tion needsmonitoring. 6

  26. THANKYOU

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