VARIETY OF LIFE, ADAPTATION AND COMPETITION

1. VARIETY OF LIFE, ADAPTATION AND COMPETITION WJEC Biology Module 1

2. Variety of Life – Pupil Activity • Watch the first 25 minutes of David Attenborough’s “Life” • Challenges of life

3. Learning outcomes • understand that living organisms show a range of sizes, features and complexity. • Appreciate the broad descriptive grouping into • plants – non-flowering and flowering; • animals - invertebrates and vertebrates; • microorganisms – fungi, bacteria, algae.

4. Biology • Biology is the study of living organisms • How do we decide if something is living or non living?

5. Variety of Life

6. What is Life?

7. Aliens land on Earth and watch things carefully to tell whether they are alive or not. Would an alien think this car is alive?

8. Why aren’t fluffy toys alive? Fluffy toys often look like real animals

9. Variety of Life • There are over 30 million different kinds of living organisms on the planet. • These living organisms show a range of • Sizes • Microscopic bacteria  blue whale • Features • Complexity • Single celled organisms  Mammals • All living organisms carry out life processes

10. Life Processes • If something is alive it will carry out all of the seven life processes. • Movement • Respiration • Sensitivity • Growth • Reproduction • Excretion • Nutrition

11. Characteristics of Living Things • M is for movement • Animals move to find food, shelter or a mate. • Plants do not move in the same way as animals but move towards sunlight.

12. Characteristics of Living Things • R is for reproduction • Animals lay eggs or have babies. • Seeds from plants grow into new plants.

13. Characteristics of Living Things • S is for sensitivity. • Animals find their way using their sense organs such as the eyes or skin. • Plants don’t have sense organs but do respond to gravity and light.

14. Characteristics of Living Things • G is for growth • Growth is an increase in size • Animals stop growing when they reach adult size. • Plants grow throughout their lives.

15. Characteristics of Living Things • R is for respiration • Respiration is the release of energy from food. • This usually needs oxygen.

16. Characteristics of Living Things • E is for excretion • All living things produce waste. • The removal of this waste is called excretion. • Animals excrete through their lungs, kidneys and skin. • Plants shed their leaves in autumn

17. Characteristics of Living Things • N is for nutrition • All living things need food for energy, growth and repair. • Animals have to find their own food and eat plants and other animals. • Plants make their own food by the process of photosynthesis.

18. Grouping Living organisms • The similarities and differences that exist between organisms allow us to put them into groups • Broad groups include • Animals • Vertebrates and invertebrates • Plants • Flowering plants and non flowering plants • Microorganisms • Bacteria, fungi and algae

19. know that organisms which have similar features and characteristics can be classified together in a logical way. Understand the need for a scientific system for identification and the need for scientific as opposed to 'common' names. Know that international committees decide on scientific names. Learning Objectives

20. Classification Game • In groups move around the classroom looking at the photographs • Identify the organisms • Classify them correctly under the correct headings • There will be a reward for the highest scoring group sheet.

21. Classification • Variation = differences between organisms • This variety allows Biologist’s to classify organisms into groups • Each of these groups contain organisms which have certain features in common

22. Classification - Kingdoms • The current classification system splits all organisms into 5 Kingdoms

23. Five Kingdom Classification • Bacteria • Very small and single-celled, no nucleus • Protoctists • Single celled, with a nucleus • Fungi • Cell walls contain chitin, with a nucleus • Plants • Multicellular organisms • Can make food through photosynthesis • Animals • Multicellular • Have to obtain food

24. Divisions of classification • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • species

25. Animal Kingdom • The animal kingdom is divided into two groups • Vertebrates • Animals with a backbone • Invertebrates • Animals without a backbone

26. Classification of Vertebrates • Phylum Chordata – the vertebrates • Split into five classes • Mammals • Fish • Birds • Reptiles • Amphibians • Each class has distinctive features

27. mammals

28. Fish

29. Birds

30. Reptiles

31. Amphibians

32. Examples for classification • Kingdom Animal Animal • Phylum Vertebrate Vertebrate • Class Mammals Mammals • Order Carnivore Carnivore • Family Felicidae Felicidae • Genus Panthera Panthera • Species Leo tigris LION TIGER

33. Prep: • Choose an animal and a plant • Write out how that organism is classified • E.g. Lion • Kingdom Animal • Phylum Vertebrate • Class Mammals • Order Carnivore • Family Felicidae • Genus Panthera • Species Leo

34. Classification - Naming • The basic unit of classification is the species. • A species is a group of organisms that can breed together to produce fertile offspring.

35. Naming Species • In the Binomial system organisms are identified by two names • Genus and species • Genus always has a capital letter • Always written in italics or underlined • It is in Latin • This allows it to be understood all over the world as the scientific name is universal • Examples • Canis lupus – the wolf • Panthera leo – the lion

36. Know that recently the 3 Domain classification has been preferred to the 5 Kingdom classification. • Know that morphological features or DNA analysis can be used and as more information becomes available changes are made to the classification.

37. 5 Kingdom vs 3 Domain

38. Kingdom vs Domain • There are two types of organism • Eukaryotes – cells contain a nucleus • Prokaryotes – cells do not contain a nucleus • In the 5 Kingdom classification • Eukaryotes are split into four Kingdoms – plants, animals, fungi and protoctists • Prokaryotes are all grouped together into one Kingdom

39. Recent DNA evidence suggests that the prokaryotes can be split into two distinct groups • Archaea which are more closely linked with the Eukarya • Bacteria – have a more ancient ancestor

41. Evidence for classification

42. Learning Objectives • To be able to identify special adaptive features of animals • To appreciate how adaptations allow an animal to survive in hostile environments • To recognise the adaptations of plants for different environments

43. Adaptations • Living things adapt to their environment. • Watch the video clip, and then try to fill in the table explaining how the creature is adapted to it’s environment.

44. Adaptations in different animals • Look at the animals on the worksheet, for each one try to give where it lives and an example of how it is adapted for survival in its environment.

45. Adaptations in different animals • Look at the animals on the worksheet, for each one try to give where it lives and an example of how it is adapted for survival in its environment.

46. Adaptations

47. Adaptations • You need to be able to: • Explain how animals are adapted for survival in arctic and desert environments in terms of: • Body size and surface area • Thickness of insulating coat • Amount of body fat • Camouflage • Explain how plants are adapted to survive in arid conditions • Suggest how organisms are adapted to the conditions in which they live.

48. Pupil Activity • Surviving in different environments. • Read all information carefully • Answer questions 3 - 9

49. Adaptations to seasonal changes • Hibernation – animals build up a fat layer and sleep through the worst of the winter months. • Migration – animals move off to warmer climes. • Insulation – many animals grow thicker fur. • Leaf shedding • Food storing

50. Adaptation • An adaptation is a feature that allows an organism to survive in the environment in which it lives. • Examples • Polar bears and Arctic foxes are adapted to survive in the Arctic • A camel and the Fennec fox are adapted to live in hot arid (desert) conditions