On the Source of the solar wind

1. On the Source of the solar wind by Uri Feldman Artep Inc.

2. The source of an underground river • Lakes 1 Underground River 2 3

3. The Source of an under ground river

4. The solar wind composition is not always the same as the composition of the photosphere. • In the Solar wind at times elements with first ionization potential (FIP) <10 eV are enriched. • Definition • FIP bias  • coronal abundance/Photospheric abundance

5. In the fast SW elemental abundances are photospheric in nature , I.e. FIP bias~1In the slow SW low-FIP elements are enriched by a factor of ~4. I.e.,FIP bias~4

6. So where in the Solar Upper Atmosphere such conditions exist?

7. . The Sun at 106 K

8. The Sun at 105 K

9. The Sun at 106 and 105 K

10. FIP-bias Photosphere 1 105 K 1.5-2 106 K Coronal hole ~1 106 K Quiet Sun ~4

13. Elemental settling in the corona

14. Atomic weights: High-FIP Ne=20; Low-FIP Mg=24; Si=28; Low FIP Fe=56

15. Location of observations

16. Elemental settling in the western hemisphere

17. Conclusions1)The SW originates from ~106 K SUA plasmas 2) Slow SW originates in the quiet Sun corona close to the solar surface3) Fast solar wind originates from the corona in coronal hole regions

18. C III at Sun Center

19. A Polar Region

20. An active region at different temperatures