ADJECTIVES or ADVERBS used in describing trends or movements

1. A D + V E R B S DEGREE OF CHANGE The oil prices rose sharply. SPEED OF CHANGE In November the oil prices started falling abruptly. A D J E C T I V ES+NOUNS DEGREE OF CHANGE There was a sharp increase in the price of gold. SPEED OF CHANGE The stock markets saw an abrupt decrease in the ratings. ADJECTIVES or ADVERBS used in describing trends or movements

2. TO GO UP OR DOWN A LITTLE grow, rise, increase – not followed by “up”fall, drop, decrease – not followed by “down”

3. ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB? There was a CONSIDERABLY / CONSIDERABLE fall. It fell SLIGHT / SLIGHTLY. There was a SLIGHT / SLIGHTLY upturn. The government decreased taxes MODERATE/ MODERATELY. They reported a DRAMATICALLY / DRAMATIC downturn.

4. MAKE ADVERBS. rapid quick slight moderate dramatic considerable substantial gradual steady wonderful

5. MAKE ADVERBS. rapid quick slight moderate dramatic considerable substantial gradual steady wonderful rapidly quickly slightly moderately dramatically considerably substantially gradually steadily wonderfully

6. Trends:by Verbs+Adverbs & Nouns&Adjectives Since 1998, the use of broadcast TV has fallen sharply, going down from 950 to under 600 hours in just seven years. This figure levelled offslightly in 2002 with a slight decline of just 30 hours compared to a sharp fall of 70 hours the following year and reaching an all-time low of under 600 hours per year by 2004. At the beginning of 2005, the use of broadcast TV hasabruptly risen, only to be followed by a gradual drop in the second quarter.

7. Verbs+Adverbs & Nouns+AdjectivesDegree & speed of change Since 1998, the use of broadcast TV has fallen sharply, going down from 950 to under 600 hours in just seven years. This figure levelled offslightly in 2002 with a slightdecline of just 30 hours compared to a sharpfall of 70 hours the following year and reaching an all-time low of under 600 hours per year by 2004. At the beginning of 2005, the use of broadcast TV hasabruptlyrisen, only to be followed by a gradualdrop in the second quarter. HANDOUT: ELI Enrollments

8. Prepositions used to describe trends Since 1998, the use of broadcast TV has fallen sharply, going down from 950 to under 600 hours in just seven years. This figure levelled off slightly in 2002 with a slight decline of just 30 hours compared to a sharp fall of 70 hours the following year and reaching an all-time low of under 600 hours per year by 2004. At the beginning of 2005, the use of broadcast TV has abruptly risen, only to be followed by a gradual drop in the second quarter.

9. Describing movements and prepositions • to rise ______ 2 h ___ 5 h • to increase _____ 35 % • a decrease ____ 10 % • an increase ____ 15% • to decrease ____ 46% • to fall _____ 20 % ____ 13 % • to fall ____ $3 h ___ $2 h • The company expects a 5% increase ___ sales. • Sales stood ___$1 m ___ 1998. • The sales figures peaked ___ $1,000.

10. Describing movements and prepositions to rise from 2 h to 5 h to increase by 35 % / by3 (from 2 to 5) an increase of15% a decrease of10 % to decrease by 46% / by2 (from 10 to 8) to fall from 20 % to 13 % to fall from $3 h to $2 h The company expects a 5% increase in sales. Sales stood at $1 m in 1998. The sales figures peaked at $1,000. Careful: rast od 5%jean increase of 5%noun + of porasti za 5%nijeto increase for 5% nego: to increase by verb + by

11. Prepositions:TO, OF, BY, FROM, IN, AT It will rise .... $5 and go .... $20. The price is stable .... 15$. This is an increase .... $5 ... the price. This is a $5 rise .... the price. Sales have grown ... 2%.

12. Prepositions: TO, OF, BY, FROM, IN, AT It will rise BY $5 and go TO $20. The price is stable AT 15$. This is an increase OF $5 IN the price. This is a $5 rise IN the price. Sales have grown BY 2%.

13. Time prepositions • onon Monday, on 23 March 2012 • inin August / in winter in the morning in 2006 in an hour at at half past nine at night at the weekend • sincesince 1980 • forfor 2 years • ago2 years ago • beforebefore 2004 • to / till / untilfrom Monday to/till Friday • till / untilHe is on holiday until Friday. • byI will be back by 6 o’clock. By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.