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NIGERIA

NIGERIA. Josh Korn. Becca Weinstein. Marryanne Auld. Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Educated as a teacher Became a politician & elected to Northern Regions House of Assembly(1947) And Federal House of Representatives Founder of Northern People’s Congress

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NIGERIA

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  1. NIGERIA Josh Korn Becca Weinstein Marryanne Auld

  2. Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Educated as a teacher Became a politician & elected to Northern Regions House of Assembly(1947) And Federal House of Representatives Founder of Northern People’s Congress First prime minister of Nigeria Will be assassinated in1966 military coup 1912-1966

  3. Benjamin Namidi Azikiwe 1904-1996 • Well educated in American Universities • 1953- Leader of Nigeria’s Eastern region. • 1963-Became first and only ceremonial president • 1960-Governonr-General

  4. Independence October First, 1960 • 1951-New constitution providing representation for a regional basis • 1901-Nigeria became a British Protectorate • 1954-New constitution dividing Nigeria into three regions • 1914-Birtian allowed some self-governing • 1947-Britian gave Nigerian’s a higher authority • Oct. 1, 1960- became and independent country

  5. The Future 1999-A new constitution will be formed • 1966-Military coup over throws new gov. • 1966-1976-Their will be • a succession of military coup’s • 1979-1983-A second republic • forms

  6. Nigerias position on Pan-Africanism • Nigeria is a place naturally abundant with many resources such as rubber,cocoa, and oil Nigeria opposes a unified Africa in order to keeps its resources for itself • During the Biafran conflict, Nigeria will strongly oppose secession • The war with Biafra will show that Nigeria wants to keep itself as one

  7. Bibliography www.cenbank.org/currencymgt/blodata/Alhaji%20Z www.dawodu.com/balewa2.jpg www.stoveco.com/Nigeria www.rss.co.ZA www.crwflags.com/fotw/ima/ges/h/ng-blaf.gif www.cia.gov www.nigeria.com

  8. Kenya As presented by Greg, Mike, and Jessica

  9. KenyanLanguage • Official Kenyan language is English • Practiced language among locals is Kiswahili • Government uses Swahili as well, but English is official language

  10. Pan-Africanism • Kenya in favor of a united Africa as a way to end colonialism and gain independence • Pan-Africanism would provide Kenya and all of Africa with numerous economic benefits

  11. Kenyan Independence • Kenya will be independent December 12th of this year, 1963 • Independence campaign led by Jomo Kenyatta • Kenyatta imprisoned in 1952 under the British state of emergency because of his role in the fight for independence • December 12, 1963 Kenyatta becomes first prime minister of independent Kenya

  12. Kenya-Economy • The per capita income in 2004 was $480 • The poverty reached over 56% in 2003 • The GNI (gross national income) was 15.5 billion Kenya Today The avrage life expectancy at birth is 45.4 years

  13. Bibliography • Web Recourses http://kenya.rcbowen.com/government/kenyatta.html http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1952kenyatta-kau1.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter8.shtml

  14. GHANA And its road to independence By: Alex, Helen , and Lisa

  15. Dr. Kwame Nkrumah • Born in Nkroful, Gold Coast as Francis Nwia Kofi Ngonloma • Earned Masters of Science in education and Master of Arts in Philosophy • Elected president of the African Students Organization of America and Canada

  16. Pan-africanism “Long may the links between Africa and the peoples of African descent continue to hold us together in fraternity.” -Dr. Kwame Nkrumah • Since Ghana was the first country to earn independence, Dr. Nkrumah urged others to do the same • Ghana wanted to help end all colonial rule and make Africa independent from foreign control • Ghana wants to make a unified Africa, a common nation-state for all Africans

  17. Pan-Africanism Our Opinion • We support independence but disagree with Ghana’s position on Pan-Africanism • Ghana is a strong nation on its own, supporting Africa with our resources would weaken our economical status • Africa would be a stronger continent if each nation learned to independently support themselves

  18. Imperialism • Ghana was formerly called The Gold Coast • 1471- the Portuguese settled in the Gold Cost • 1482 -Portuguese traders built Elmina Castle • other Europeans began to trade with the natives • 1642- Portuguese traders left the Gold Coast • British became the dominant power • 1844- British protectorate arranged

  19. Independence • 1930’s-Communists stirred discontent through Ghana • Post WWII-Ghanaians protested imperialism inspired by other countries’ efforts • 1947-First Ghanaian political party formed • 1948-Watson commission recommended drafting of constitution to prelude self-rule • 1949-Coussey Committee Report-mechanisms for inclusion of Africans in government • 1951-Constitution drafted • 1954-General elections

  20. Independence • 1951-Constitution drafted • Independence: 3/6/1957 • Name changed to Ghana at independence • 1st Sub-Saharan African country to gain independence

  21. Bibliography • http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/independence.php • http://www.greatepicbooks.com/epics/november97.html • http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1961nkrumah.html • http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter3.shtml • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana • http://www.ghana.co.uk/

  22. Ethiopia Selam Max, Rachel, Dan i

  23. Pan-Africanism • All African states have right to freedom. • States must show united front to the world. • Cooperation in Politics Economies Defense Health Care And in all issues that may affect our continent.

  24. Reigned from 1930-1974 as an Autocratic ruler. •1955 Salassie revised the Ethiopian Constitution and installed a National Assembly EmperorHaileSelassie •Established a National Judiciary •In the 1970’s Ethiopia's drought will lead to famine causing a coup d’etat removing Salassie from power in 1974 1892- 1974

  25. Modern HistoryofEthiopia Free Since 200 B.C. • 1889-1913: Joins World Community • 1930: Haile Sellasie crowned Emperor • 1936-1941: Occupied by Italy • 1941: Haile Sellasie returns to power • 1963: Host of the Organization of African Unity

  26. TheFutureOfEthiopia • Overall Living Conditions Poor • 1970’s and 1980’s: Drought And Famine • 1974: Haile Selassie Falls From Power • 1977: Somalia Invades Ethiopia • 1987: Mengitsu Regime Comes To Power • 1991: Military Junta Overthrown • 1993: Eritrea Gains Independence • 1995: Federation Of 10 Ethnically Different Administrative Regions • Late 1990’s: War With Eritrea

  27. Bibliography • http://oneafricanow.com • http://www.africaunion.org/root/au/aboutau/founders/oau_founders • http://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/22.htm • http://www.libeam.org/history/articles/1892-1975-haile-selassie/index.php • http://cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/et.htm/ • http;//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1072164.stm • http://www.ethiopiantreasures.taucansurf.com/pages/dergue.htm

  28. Cameroon Sarah Lindsay Youngeun

  29. Timeline of Cameroon Imperialism and Independence 1858- 1st European settlement founded in Cameroon 1884- Cameroon becomes a German protectorate 1907- 2nd German governor develops colonies and railroads 1916- WWI breaks out-->Britain and France force Germany out of Cameroon 1919- a declaration is formed splitting Cameroon between Britain and France 1939/1940- WWII breaks out 1955- revolts from the UPC arise in French Cameroon 1958- Ahmadou Ahidjo forms the party I’lUnion Camerounaise January 1st, 1960- Adhijo declares independence in French Cameroon 1960- Adhijo becomes the first president of Cameroon 1961- Referendum in British Cameroon May 20, 1972- Constitution made with the help with the URC

  30. Amadu Ahidjo • Early 1970’s, created unpopular constitution and unitary control • Cameroon one of the most stable countries in Africa • 1983, feud with Paul Biya; fled the country • 1st President of Federation of Cameroon in 1960 • Reelected in 1965, 1970, 1975, 1980 • Banned all other political groups to establish dominance • Suppressed rebellions

  31. Francophone orAnglophone? As a result of colonization… • English speaking people lived in British Cameroon After World War 2… • British Cameroon joined Cameroon • 80% French • 20% English

  32. Pan-Africanism Against a Pan-African Nation… -Strong stable central government -Improving economy -30% unemployment -Valuable exports; ex. Petroleum -Among highest per capita and school attendance rates in sub-Saharan Africa -Slowly improving education and technology

  33. After 1963 (year of the Pan-African conference), there are some successes and problems that rise in the future. • 1961-1963: A large insurrection occurs, believed to have started by the Cameroonian Party. Successes and Problems in the Future • 1966: National Cameroonian Party forms. • 1970’s: Country is a stable and prosperous nation with good relations with other nations. Less affected with the oil crisis than most African nations. • 1996: Border between Cameroon and Nigeria clashes. Then both agree to a UN mediation. • 1984: Biya changes country’s name to the Republic of Cameroon. • 1997: Biya is elected president in ballot. Boycotted by opposition parties. • 1989: Anti-government is increased by 2 events: 1. Celebration of French Revolution. 2. Fall of communist governments in Eastern Europe. • 1998: Cameroon classed as most corrupt by the business monitor transparency international. • 1994: Conflict between Cameroon and Nigeria.

  34. Bibliography The Crawfurd homepage homepage.1996-2003. February 10,2006. <http://crawfurd.dk/africa/cameroon_timeline.htm> BBC News. Friday 9 2005. Timeline Cameroon. February 13 2006. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1021488.stm> African History Timeline:Independent Cameroon.homepage.1998. February 13 2006. < <http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his311/timeline/t-camer.htm>

  35. People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria Algeria Jeremy Marina Jessica

  36. Many names-Jomo Kenyatta is the most commonly known • Born in 1889 in British East Africa (Kenya) • Became politically interested in the Kikuyu Central Association in 1924 • 1929-Sent to Enlgand to advocate for return of Kenya’s land Jomo Kenyatta • 1945-Organized World Trade Union and Fifth Pan-African Congress • 1947-Becomes KAU president. • 1952-Arrested with other leaders for organizing Mau Mau • 1963-Becomes prime minister of free Kenya, urging whites to stay in Kenya • Elected president in 1964, 1966, 1970, and 1974 • Dies in 1978 in sleep

  37. Basic Facts • Capitol-Algiers • Ethnicity- 99% Berber Arab and 1% European • Religion-99% Sunni Muslim • Official Language-Arabic • Independence- From France, July 5, 1962 • Legal System- based on French and Islamic law • Natural Recourses oil and natural gas

  38. Colonial History • Colonized by France • Started in 1830 • Fully imperialized by 1900 • Large resistance movement began in 50’s • That was National Liberation Front (FLN) • Used guerilla tactics • Very brutal and very bloody struggle • Compromise with France reached in March ’62 • Official independent July 5, 1962

  39. Ahmed Ben Bella • Born 1918- • In power 1963-1965 • Soldier in WWI • Involved in independence movement • Founded ‘National Liberation Front’ (FLN) • Captured in 1952 by France, released in 1962 • Year France and FLN reached compromise • Ran unopposed for President • Ousted in coup in 1965 • Succeeded by Boumedienne

  40. Predictions for the Future • First president: Ahmed Ben Bella (1962) • Arab-Islamic socialist state with one party: FLN • Second President: Boumedienne comes to power in a bloodless coup in 1965 • He will be credited for creating Modern Algeria • Third President: Chadli Benjedid (1978), re-elected • Many riots due to failing economy • He will remake the constitution allowing other parties: FIS • 1991 military takeover, Boudiaff became president • FIS will use terrorism against government 1999 • Bouleflika will be elected president • Goals: stability and security • Berbers will struggle for emancipation (freedom)

  41. Pan-Africanism In Algeria Algeria is against Pan-Africanism 99% Muslim There are currently anti-government riots Member of Arab League Consider themselves Arab, not African

  42. Bibliography • www.rulers.org/indexB2.html • http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0856564.html • http://www.marxists.org/history/algeria/ • http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter6.shtml • http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/algeria.html

  43. SUDAN Sudan By Mark and Andrew

  44. Sudan Facts • people called Sudanese • Population 40.2 million • official language is Arabic • Sudan is the largest country in Africa • Islam is the official religion, Christianity and indigenous beliefs also practiced. • Industry is mainly made up of car assembly.

  45. 1899- Egypt and Great Britain rule over Sudan equally 1953- Anglo-Egyptian Agreement ends Anglo-Egyptian rule 1955- First civil war begins between rebels in the South and and northern government 1956- Sudanese independence 2003- Separate conflict in in Western Sudan where almost 2 million lives were affected 2005- Civil war ends with Naivasha peace treaty A Brief History

  46. Independence • In February 1953 UK agreed for Sudanese self-government • Former British colony • Officially became independent on January 1st, 1956 • Problems quickly arose from mixing of races, ethnicities and tribes • Arabs and Muslims • Most blacks are Muslim and considered below Arabs in society • Nonstop Civil War from 1955-72 • Plagued by Civil War once again today in Darfur between Fur, Masalit, and Zagahawa tribes.

  47. P.M. Ibrahim Abboud • Born in 1900 • Became commander in chief in 1956 when Sudan gained its independence • Was in 5th year as Prime Minister in 1963 • Gained power through a military coup in 1958 • Lost power one year later in 1964 • Was a dictator,general and political leader • Died in 1983

  48. -The Sudanese economy is poor and lacks development • Sudan would prefer sharing the wealth of a unified Africa Position on Pan-Africanism Already, The African Union, makes peaceful interventions in Sudan • Violence is a result of ignorance, therefore Sudan would greatly benefit from the education that Pan- Africanists support and have based many books on (e.g human philosophies, culture, literature)

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