PAUSE, LINKING, & INTONATION

1. PAUSE, LINKING, & INTONATION • 黃宏祿(Barry Huang) • hakka@pie.com.tw

2. Pauses Made by Native Speaker • (1) If English is not your native language//, people may have noticed that you come from another country because of your “foreign accent.”// (2) Why do people usually have an accent when they speak a second language?// (3) Several theories address this issue.// (4) Most native speakers of English can,// for example, recognize people from France by their French accents.// (5) They may also be able to identify// Spanish or// Arabic speakers over the telephone,// just by listening carefully to their pronunciation.// (6) Does this mean that accents can’t be changed?// (7) Not at all!// (8) But old habits won’t change without a lot of hard work,// will they?

3. Pauses Made by Non-native Speakers 1 • (1) If English is not your native language,// people may have noticed that //you come from another country// because of your “foreign accent.”// (2) Why do people usually have an accent when they speak a second language?// (3) Several theories address this issue.//(4) Most native speakers of English can,// for example,// recognize people from France// by their French accents.// (5) They may also be able to identify Spanish// or Arabic speakers// over the telephone,// just by listening carefully// to their pronunciation.// (6) Does this mean that// accents can’t be changed?// (7) Not at all!// (8) But old habits won’t change without a lot of hard work,// will they?

4. (1) If English is not your native language//, people may have noticed that you come from another country because of your “foreign accent.”// (2) Why do people usually have an accent when they speak a second language?// (3) Several theories address this issue.// (4) Most native speakers of English can,// for example, recognize people from France by their French accents.// (5) They may also be able to identify// Spanish or// Arabic speakers over the telephone,// just by listening carefully to their pronunciation.// (6) Does this mean that accents can’t be changed?// (7) Not at all!// (8) But old habits won’t change without a lot of hard work,// will they? (1) If English is not your native language,// people may have noticed that //you come from another country// because of your “foreign accent.”// (2) Why do people usually have an accent when they speak a second language?// (3) Several theories address this issue.//(4) Most native speakers of English can,// for example,// recognize people from France// by their French accents.// (5) They may also be able to identify Spanish// or Arabic speakers// over the telephone,// just by listening carefully// to their pronunciation.// (6) Does this mean that// accents can’t be changed?// (7) Not at all!// (8) But old habits won’t change without a lot of hard work,// will they? Comparison—Pause Distribution of Native vs. Non-native Speakers

5. Distribution of Pauses

6. Pedagogical Implications What are the pedagogical implications? LEARNERS TEACHER (1) (2) (3) (4)

7. Analysis  Implications • Notion of syllabus • Introduction of syllabus-times structure • Rhythm pattern

8. Linking

9. Linking Phenomenon • Native speaker The phenomenon of linking is found more frequently. • Non-native Speakers Less linking phenomenon is found.

10. Pedagogical Implications What are the pedagogical implications? LEARNERS TEACHER (1) (2) (3) (4)

11. Analysis  Implications • Distinct pronunciation • Tips on linking • Notion of syllabus • Introduction of syllabus-times structure • Rhythm pattern

12. Intonation • Rising-falling Intonation (Wh-Question) • Rising Intonation (Yes-No Question) • Tag Question Intonation (Tag Question)

13. Rising-falling Intonation (1) • Rising-falling intonation The pitch rises at the stressed syllable and then falls to a low pitch. 3 2 Who will come? 1 • Employed to signal certainity.

14. Rising-falling Intonation (2)--Intonation Pattern of the Native Speaker

15. Rising Intonation (1) • Rising Intonation The pitch contour shows a very clear rising pattern at the end of a interrogative sentence. 3 2 Can you swim? 1 The obvious final rising is a clear hint for the listener to get prepared to answer the question with YES or NO.

16. Rising Intonation (2)--Intonation Pattern of the Native Speaker

17. Tag Question Intonation (1) • 2 You will come, won’t you? • 1 The Speaker is sure of the answer and just wants to draw the listener’s approval. • 3 • 2 You know the answer, don’t you? The speaker is not sure of the answer and wants to solicit the listener’s response.

18. Tag Question Intonation (2)

19. Frequency of Misapplication of Intonation of Non-native Speakers

20. FACT Native speakers have a bad command of the rising intonations. REASONS 1. Curricular deficit 2. Frequency of application 3. Impact from Mandarin Pedagogical Implications (1)

21. FACT Non-native speakers apply the tag intonation either inaccurately or awkwardly. REASONS 1. Curricular deficit 2. Frequency of application 3. Pragmatic comprehension 4. Pragmatic fossilization Pedagogical Implications (2)

22. THE DISTRIBUTION OF COMPLIANCE VALUES OF DIFFERENT QUESTIONS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH PROPOSITIONAL COMPLEXITY

23. THE END • Many thanks for your attention. • Your comments will be highly appreciated.