Progressives: A Reaction to Excesses of Industrialization

1. Progressives:A Reaction to Excesses of Industrialization 1900-1920

2. Origins of Progressivism Progressive attitudes and motives Muckrakers Social Gospel Municipal, state, and national reforms Political: suffrage Social and economic: regulation Socialism: alternatives Black America Washington, Du Bois, and Garvey Urban migration Civil rights organizations Women's role: family, work, education, unionization, and suffrage Roosevelt's Square Deal Managing the trusts Conservation Taft Pinchot-Ballinger controversy Payne-Aldrich Tariff Wilson's New Freedom Tariffs Banking reform Antitrust Act of 1914 Progressive EraWhat to know

3. Progressive WCTU Carrie Nation Muckrakers McClure’s Magazine Ida Tarbell Lincoln Seffens Upton Sinclair The Jungle Supreme Court and workers after 1900 Political Reforms Initiative Referendum Recall Women’s Issues Suffragette Susan B. Anthony Alice Paul Carrie Chapman Catt NAWASA William McKinley Assassination Theodore Roosevelt Admin Square Deal (RR) Interstate Commerce Act 1887 (RR) Hepburn Act 1906 (RR) Elkins Act 1903 Meat Inspection Act 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act Food and Drug Administration Conservation William Howard Taft 1908-1912 Bull Moose Party Election of 1912 Black America Plessey v. Ferguson Booker T. Washington Tuskegee Institute W.E.B. DuBois Niagara Movement NAACP Souls of Black Folks Marcus Garvey Key Terms to Memorize Woodrow Wilson Admin 16th Amendment (Income Tax) 17th Amendment (Senators, Direct Election of) 18th Amendment (Prohibition) 19th Amendment (Women’s Suffrage) New Freedom Clayton Anti-Trust Act Federal Trade Commission Federal Reserve System Federal Income Tax

4. Essays • Compare and contrast the attitudes of THREE of the following toward the wealth that was created in the United States during the late nineteenth century. • Andrew Carnegie • Eugene V. Debs • Horatio Alger • Booker T. Washington • Ida M. Tarbell • “In understanding the nature of a reform movement it is as important to know what it seeks to preserve as to know what it seeks to change.” Compare the Populist and Progressive reform movements in light of this statement. • The response to the negative consequences of the rise of industrialism led to a series of reform movements, culminating in the Progressive Movement. Discuss the goals of progressivism and how these goals were or were not realized.

5. Progressives Were Diverse Group Different reform movements (not United)

6. Progressives=Reform Movement • Progressive movement a reaction to the excesses of industrialization. • (negative effects of Industrialization) • Poverty • Corruption- Municipal, State and Federal • Working conditions • Organizing the Economy • Immigrant living conditions • Immigrant “social issues associated with immigrants, pejorative- dirty, non-English speakers, Alcohol abuse… • WASP movement- concerned with changes- a movement to regain control…

7. Progressives Rise Because • Rapid industrialization (Laissez Faire economics) and urbanization (Social Darwinism) causes intolerable problems • Middle class WASPs were driving force behind movement • Need for reform • Need for order • Need to remedy industrial problems • Psychological view= “Tension Frustration Thesis” desire to regain power lost due to changes in society, corporations, immigrants, urbanization”

8. Progressive Constitutional Amendments • 16th Amendment= Income Taxes • 17th Amendment= Direct Election of Senators • 18th Amendment= Prohibition of Alcohol • 19th Amendment= Women’s Vote

9. Gov Steps in to Attack business:Laws Passed • Interstate Commerce Commission: Gov Agency to oversee = regulate on RR. (TR) • Elkins Act- regulate RR – no specials to friends (TR) • Hepburn Act- regulate RR- no free passes- Bribery (TR) • Meat Inspection Act- • Pure Food and Drug Act- Gov regulate food industry, and drugs- The Jungle- Upton Sinclair- • Clayton Anti-Trust Act- attacks Big Business (Wilson) • Federal Trade Commission- • Federal Reserve System- Organizes the Banking system, regulate the money supply • Federal Income Tax

10. Central (Main) Ideas • Bi-Partisan- Both parties had members • Progress – things are getting better • Society was capable of improvement • Government Intervention was needed- • to limit big Business • To end political corruption • Solve social problems of alcohol abuse

11. Issues: • Social Reforms- Prohibition, support for immigration reform • Women’s Suffrage • Anti-Corruption- Federal, State, City Reform • Trust Busting- limiting big business

12. Muckrakers= Someone who exposes problems in society • McClure's= magazine that exposed problems corruption, bad working conditions, child labor, pollution… • Lincoln Steffen's- writer who exposed corruption in city government • Ida Tarbell- writer who exposed abuse of power by Standard Oil – Rockefeller • Jacob Riis- exposed problems of the poor in NYC- How the other half lives

13. African American Muckraker Ida B Wells • Journalist • Exposed lynching of African Americans in the south • Tried to work for Federal Law • Not much support • Link to her book

14. Political Reforms • City, State and Federal • City Managers- an appointed manger to prevent corruption in the cities. • Commission- appointed community members to Government bodies- to reduce corruption (outside party politics) • Goal to expand Democracy and counter Corruption • Initiative- citizens can bring • Referendum- vote of the citizens on an issue • Recall- voters can remove an elected official from office-

15. Women’s Issues • Poverty, Alcoholism, Child Labor, Prostitution, Public Health, Birth Control, Prohibition • Middle class women, more educated, different vocations, nurses, teaching, medicine, social work… • Leaders • Susan B. Anthony (Early Suffragette) • Elizabeth Cady Stanton (Early Suffragette) • Jane Addams-Hull House (Social Reformer) • Ida B. Wells (protested lynching) • Margaret Sanger (Birth Control advocate) • Alice Paul • Mary Chapman Catt

16. Women’s Suffrage • National American Women’s Suffrage Association (NAWSA) • Long movement • Begins as a state movement- Southern opposition and Northern cities • Changes to Federal Constitutional Amendment 19th Amendment • Wilson (Democrat) will back the amendment 1917 • Becomes part of Constitution 1920

17. Prohibition • WCTU- Women’s Christian Temperance Union long time advocate of anti-alcohol movement • 18th Amendment Passed during WWI

18. Christian movement- contrast to Gospel of Wealth Task of Christianity is to rescue the poor” Create the kingdom of god on Earth Salvation Army- example “Salvation ws not merely an individual matter but also a question of Constituting a just Society.” Gospel of Wealth View of Wealthy God rewards with wealth Individual should work hard to get ahead Philanthropy-wealthy return wealth to up lift society- Universities… “It’s your duty to get rich” Social Gospel

19. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair • 1906 • Highlighted the problems associated with the Meat Packing Industry in Chicago • Exploitation of immigrants • Poor working conditions • Spurred Changes: • Pure Food and Drug Act- regulated food industries • Food and Drug Administration -Test and Certify Drugs • Meat Inspection Act- Inspection and labeling of Meat

20. Theodore RooseveltPresident 1901-1908 • War Hero- Cuba- Rough Riders- San Juan Hill • Governor of New York- • Secretary of Navy • McKinley’s-Vice President 1900. • Assassination of McKinley 1901- by Anarchist- TR becomes youngest president • Activist Conservative-wants to reform but not too much-not radical change

21. TR • Believed Government can help • Believed in Gospel of Wealth • Feared Social Revolution • “Bully Pulpit” platform from which to persuasively advocate an agenda. • Roosevelt often used the word "bully" as an adjective meaning superb/wonderful.

22. TR Believed • “It is the duty of the president to act upon the theory that he is the steward of the people, and …to assume that he has the legal right to do whatever the needs of the people demand, unless the Constitution or the laws explicitly forbid him to do it.”

23. “Square Deal” • Roosevelt’s agenda for the country • “a Square Deal for all” involved progressive legislation: • Fair treatment of Labor and Business • Steps in to help mediate a Coal Miners strike • Instead of just helping business he calls for fair treatment of labor (unions) • He calls for Arbitration

24. TR Supported • Regulating Business • Regulating Food • Regulating Rail Roads • Helping Unions • Conserving Natural Resources

25. Trust Busting • TR wanted to limit the trusts • Used Sherman Anti-Trust Act • Supported the Department of Commerce- to regulate railroads • Bureau of Corporations- to regulate corporations • In 1902 Roosevelt ordered the break up of the massive Northern Securities Company and in 1904 he was supported by the Supreme Court which ordered the company dissolved

26. Conservation • TR was a proponent of saving the wilderness • New lands Reclamation Act (set aside National Forests and reserves) • Gifford Pinchot – forest conservationist • Created the Forrest Rangers

27. Taft • Hand picked successor to Roosevelt • Conservative Republican-Pro-business (Less Progressive) • Taft angered TR over the Conservation issue- • Scandal firing of a TR conservation appointment- • Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

28. TR and the Election of 1912 • TR comes out of retirement • “New Nationalism” = more radical reform agenda than before The Progressive (Bull Moose Party (mod Republicans) • Social Justice can only occur through government intervention • More regulation of business • Tariff reduction • Regulate Women and child labor • Raise taxes- Inheritance and income taxes

29. Election of 1912 • TR was mad a TAFT • Taft was too conservative • He decided to run again in 1912

30. Taft • GOP candidate • TR • Took votes from Taft

31. Election 1912 • TR and Taft • Split the GOP Vote • All the Democrats vote for Wilson • Wilson wins

32. Wilson • PHD-Professor then President of Princeton- Political Science • Governor of New Jersey • Agenda= “New Freedom” • Wanted to end corruption • Economic policy- regulate trusts = Big Business • Destroy Monopoly • Lower tariff = tax on imported goods • Federal Reserve Act 1913 = reorganize banking to protect American finances • Federal Trade Commission- regulate business – prosecute unfair trade • Supported Clayton Anti Trust Act – new law to regulate Big Business

33. 16th Amendment= Income Taxes • AMENDMENT XVIPassed by Congress July 2, 1909. Ratified February 3, 1913. • Note: Article I, section 9, of the Constitution was modified by amendment 16. • The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.

34. 17th Amendment= Direct Election of Senators • AMENDMENT XVIIPassed by Congress May 13, 1912. Ratified April 8, 1913. • Note: Article I, section 3, of the Constitution was modified by the 17th amendment. • The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures. • When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. • This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.

35. 18th Amendment= Prohibition of Alcohol • AMENDMENT XVIIIPassed by Congress December 18, 1917. Ratified January 16, 1919. Repealed by amendment 21. • Section 1.After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. • Section 2.The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. • Section 3.This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

36. 19th Amendment= Women’s Suffrage • AMENDMENT XIXPassed by Congress June 4, 1919. Ratified August 18, 1920. • The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. • Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

37. African Americans Since 1877-1916 • Plessy v. Fergeuson • African American lived predominantly in the South • Whites controlled Southern Government and Voting • Segregation- • Poll Tax • Literacy Tests • Grandfather Laws • Lynching

38. African American Leaders Different Approaches • Booker T. Washington- early moderate 1880’s • W.E.B. Dubois- progressive period- more activism • Marcus Garvey:

39. Booker T. Washington- Early African American leader, former slave Up Form Slavery “Agitation of questions of Racial equality is extremist folly” Moderate 1881 Founded Tuskegee Institute-Vocational school for blacks Worked for African American progress, economic priority Wanted economic growth- learn skills, work hard, Acquire property The Atlanta Compromise- famous speech Whites liked his ideas W. E. B. Dubois- NAACP PHD Harvard Militant leader Advocated political and social change for blacks Wanted to end discrimination for blacks Niagara Movement leads to the NAACP (NAACP) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People The Souls of Black Folks NAACP Used Federal Courts to pressure changes in rights Believed in creating the “Talented Tenth” to fight for AA rights Booker T and WEB

40. “Is it possible and probable that nine millions of men can make effective progress in economic lines if they are deprived of political rights, made a servile caste, and allowed only the most meager chance of developing their exceptional men.” Agitation on the social equality question is “the merest folly… in purely social matters we can be separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to Mutual Progress.” Who would most likely say this?