IP 325 European Integration

1. IP 325 European Integration SPRING SEMESTER 2011/2012 Doc. Ing. Štěpán Müller, CSc. February 20, 2012

2. Assessment methods (weighing): • Active lecture/seminar participation 20 % • Mid-term test 20 % • Term paper and presentation 40 % • Final test 20 % • Total100 %

3. Prehistory of European Integration • September 1946: Winston Churchill called for a "kind of United States of Europe" in a speech he gave at the University of Zurich; • May 1947: The Marshall Plan, set up for the economic revival of Europe; • January 1947: The custom convention between Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands (entered into force 1/1/1948).

4. Prehistory of EI – cont. 1 • April 1948: The Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) was created to coordinate the Marshall Plan; • April 1949: North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington (NATO); it included the five Treaty of Brussels states (BeNeLux, F, UK) plus the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland.

5. Economic Integration in the East • The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), 1949–1991, was an economic formation under the leadership of Soviet Union, comprising the countries of the Eastern Bloc along with a number of communist states elsewhere in the world. • The Comecon was the Eastern Bloc's reply to the formation of the Organization for European Economic Co-operation in western Europe

6. Prehistoryof EI – cont. 2 Council of Europe an international organisation promoting co-operation between all countries of Europe in the areas of legal standards, human rights, democratic development, the rule of law and cultural co-operation.

7. Prehistory of EI – cont. 3 • The Council of Europe was founded on 5 May 1949 by Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. It now has 47 member states and more than 800 million people living the Euroasia area.

8. Council of Europe • The Council of Europe works mainly through conventions. By drafting conventions or international treaties, common legal standards are set for its member states. However, several conventions have also been opened for signature to non-member states; • The Council of Europe fosters legal co-operation through some 200 conventions and other treaties, including the Convention on Cybercrime, the Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism, the Conventions against Corruption and Organised Crime, the Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, and the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine.

9. Dawn of the European Integration • May 9, 1950: In a speech inspired by Jean Monnet, the French foreign minister Robert Schuman proposed integrating the coal and steel industries of western Europe; • June 1950: Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Italy, the Netherlands and Germany subscribed to the Schuman declaration; • August 1950: The Council of Europe Assembly approved the Schuman plan.

10. History of European Integration • April 1951: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands signed the Treaty of Paris establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC); • July 1952: The ECSC Treaty entered into force; Jean Monnet was appointed president of the High Authority and Paul-Henri Spaak president of the Common Assembly.

11. History of EI – cont. 1 • November 1952: The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) decided to grant Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands a derogation from the most-favoured-nation treatment, to allow them to fulfil their ECSC obligations; • March 1957: The Treaties establishing the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) were signed by Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands in Rome,(„Treaties of Rome“).

12. EU Symbols: European Flag • The flag was designed in 1955 for the Council of Europe as its symbol, and the CoE urged it to be adopted by other organizations. In 1985 the EU (which was then the European Economic Community - EEC), adopted it as its own flag; • It consists of a circle of 12 golden (yellow) stars on a blue background; the number of stars has nothing to do with the number of member states, the number twelve is traditionally the symbol of perfection, completeness and unity. The flag therefore remains unchanged regardless of EU enlargements.

13. EU Symbols: European Anthem • The European anthem is based on the prelude to "The Ode to Joy", 4th movement of Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 9. Due to the large number of languages in Europe, it is an instrumental version only, with the original German lyrics having no official status. The anthem was announced on 19 January 1972 by the Council of Europe, after being arranged by conductor Herbert von Karajan; • It was adopted by European Community leaders in 1985. It does not replace national anthems, but is intended to celebrate their shared values. It is played on official occasions by both the Council of Europe and the European Union.

14. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Russian: , Sovet ekonomicheskoy vsaymopomoshchi, , SEV, English abbreviation COMECON, CMEA, or CAME), 1949–1991, was an economic organisation under the organisation of Soviet Union comprising the countries of the Eastern Bloc along with a number of communist states elsewhere in the world. The Comecon was the Eastern Bloc's reply to the formation of the Organization for European Economic Co-operation in western Europe EU Symbols: Europe Day • „Europe Day“ is held annually on 9 May, the date of the „Schuman Declaration“, the proposal to pool the French and West German coal and steel industries. This is considered a founding moment for what is now the EU and was adopted as its flag day at the Milan European Council summit in 1985.

15. European Motto • European motto „Unity in Diversity“ was adopted as the European Union's motto on May 4, 2000 following a contest called A motto for Europe. It was selected from entries proposed by school pupils and accepted as Diversité dans l'unité. In 2004, the motto was written into the English as United in Diversity, and now appears on English language official EU websites as United in diversity; • The European Union motto was translated into all 23 official languages in 2004.

16. History of the EI – EFTA • July 1959: Seven countries of the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, decided to establish another European integration formation, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), as a counterpart to the EEC; Treaty on European Free Trade Association was signed in 1960; • The main difference between the EEC and the EFTA at that time was the absence of a common external customs tariff; each EFTA member was free to establish individual customs duties against trade with non EFTA countries.

17. The 60´ • The 1960s saw the first attempts at EEC´s enlargement. On 3 May 1960 Denmark, Ireland, Norway and the United Kingdom applied to join the three Communities; • However, in 1963 President Charles de Gaulle, who saw the British membership as a Trojan horse for US influence, vetoed UK´s membership, and the applications of all four countries were suspended; • The four countries resubmitted their applications on 11 May 1967 and with Georges Pompidou succeeding Charles de Gaulle as French President in 1969, the veto was lifted.

18. European Development Policy • The first European development policy was established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957; it granted associated status to 31 overseas collectivities and territories (OCTs) and provided for the creation of a European Development Fund (EDF) intended to grant technical and financial assistance to the countries which were still under European rule at the time. More significantly, however, by means of the Treaty of Rome the six member states of the European Economic Community were expressing solidarity with the colonies and OCTs and committed themselves to contribute to their prosperity.

19. European Development Policy - 1 • The first cycle of the EDF was designed for a period of five years and took effect in 1959. As it drew to a close, however, many of the OCTs had regained independence and new arrangements were necessary. In 1963, representatives of the EEC Member States and 17 African countries and Madagascar met in Yaoundé, Cameroon, to sign their first partnership agreement in history. The group of developing countries which signed the final agreement were granted preferential trade arrangements such as the duty-free access of specified African goods into the European market. In addition, it was agreed to continue support via the EDF and the European Investment Bank (EIB).

20. The 60´ - EEC´s Decade of Growth • July 1962: The EEC started its „commonagriculturalpolicy“, giving the countries joint control over food production. The six EEC member states atfirstindividually strongly intervened in their agricultural sectors, with regard as to what was produced, maintaining prices for goods and how farming was organized. Some Member States, in particular France, and all farming professional organizations wanted to maintain strong state intervention in agriculture. This could therefore only be achieved if policies were harmonized and transferred to the European Community level. By 1962, three major principles had been established to guide the CAP: market unity, community preference and financial solidarity.

21. The 60´-cont. 1 • July 1, 1964: The European Agriculture Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF) is set into place. • September 1964: The Council reaches an agreement as to the composition of the single Commission that will ultimately have nine members. • April 1965: The Treaty merging the executives of the three Communities (ECSC, EEC, Euratom) is signed in Brussels. • July 1, 1967: The Merger Treaty enters into force, thus fusing the executives of the European Communities (ECSC, EEC, Euratom). From now on, the European Communities will have a single Commission and a single Council. However, both continue to act in accordance with the rules governing each of the Communities. • July 1, 1968: The EEC remove customdutieson goods imported from each other, allowing free cross-border trade for the first time and apply the same duties on their imports from outside countries.

22. The 60´- cont. 2 • December 1969: The heads of the EEC confirm their willingness to advance towards a genuine economic and monetary union and the close alignment of social policies this entails, and reaffirm their agreement on the principle of the enlargement of the Community.Thetransitional period laid down by the Treaty on the European Economic Communities (EEC) for implementing the common market, comes to an end.

23. Stages of Economic Integration • Free Trade Area: abolishingofbarriers and tariffs in mutualtrade, autonomousforeigntradepolicywiththirdcountries; • Custom Union: commonforeigntradepolicy in custom area; • Common Market: free movementofgoods, services, labor and capital; • Economic and Monetary Union: commoneconomicpolicy, central bank, adoptionofcommoncurrency; • Political Union: mergerofmembercountries.