Warm-Up: 12/5

1. Warm-Up: 12/5 • Does gender inequality exist in this country? In other countries? EXPLAIN YOUR OPINION!

2. Cultural Differences Cultural Differences Gender Inequalities Gender Inequality

3. International Sexism: Greece

4. Serbia

5. Ireland

6. American Hippies

7. Georgia

8. Gender Gender – “a culture’s assumptions about the differences between men and women: their ‘characters,’ the roles they play in society, what they represent.” - Domosh and Seager A woman in Bedugul, (on Bali) Indonesia who works for 45 cents an hour 10 hours a day, six days a week turning bricks. Brickmaking in the US is a traditional male occupation

9. Gender is a social as well as biological difference. • Modernization has reduced the inequalities but has NOT eliminated them. • Even in Europe & the US equality has NOT been achieved. • UK, Germany, India, Israel, Pakistan & the Philippines have had female leaders; the US has not • Barriers to economic & social advancement are found in the political and corporate realm Woman in Germany prepares tea African woman with head wrapped to protect against the cold, sand & sun

10. Gender Inequality • Women make 80 c. to the Male dollar-even accounting for time off to raise kids. • Over her career, the average U.S. woman loses $1.2 m. to wage inequality. • Every industrialized nation except US & Australia have paid parental leave with a guaranteed job upon return • Women over 65 are twice as likely to be poor as men. • Women choose jobs closer to home • Occupational segregation-women have less chance to advance-take lower paying jobs in more restricted locations • Male dominance is a world-wide phenomenon • In general Western women are better off than elsewhere

11. Women in poorer countries • Women typically bear children and are confined to the home • Male dominance is the norm • Education and development reduce gender inequalities

12. Fig. 9-11: Women’s income is lower than men’s in all countries, but the gender gap is especially high in parts of the Middle East, South Asia, and Latin America. Female–Male Income Differences

13. Demography & Health • On average women live 4 yrs. longer than men • Core countries-5 to 7 yrs. Longer • World Bank=Africa +3 yrs, South America & Europe, US + 6 yrs. • Women less likely to: • Smoke • Drink • Eat too much • Drive too fast • Have very high stress Darfur refugee woman-she lost almost everything as she and her 4 children fled militia attacks

14. Longevity Gap • In all cultures men tend to marry younger women • The (somewhat joking) American rule is (1/2)Age + 7 • Many women who spend their younger years raising families die alone in poverty

15. Quality of Life • Higher health risks associated with pregnancy and childbirth • Poor countries = risk of dying because of pregnancy 80-600 times higher • 250,000 women die of illegal abortions each year

16. Quality of Life-Maternal Mortality Rates • Western World rate is 5/100,000 • South Asia has highest maternity mortality rates=650/100,000 • Reasons: • Inadequate medical care • Excessive number of pregnancies • Malnutrition • Lack of adequate birth control 250,000 die each year from illegal abortions Women not as well nourished as men-female children often worst off Women need 3X the amount of iron in childbearing years as men-but don’t get it in periphery countries

17. Female Infanticide China a) One-child policy has brought an imbalance in male-to-female ratio • The number of abortions following gender-detection tests (which are legal) skyrocketed c) Millions of babies die from food deprivation, denial of medical care, abandonment, and murder

18. Female Infanticide China d) Number of males unable to find wives during the present decade will double or even triple e) Some Chinese scholars suggest this situation could lead to social disorders f) One-child policy has been easier to enforce in urban and near-urban areas

19. China • China’s traditional attitude toward women-a burden • Female infanticide was a common rural practice-but after the One Child Policy-it rose in urban areas as well. • Abortions in China are legal after gender identification tests • Millions of female infants die of food depravation, denial of medical care, abandonment or murder

20. Female Infanticide India • 300,000 more girls die than boys • Modern technology making detection easier • Laws forbidding prenatal testing

21. Female Infanticide-India • India-gender detection tests often result in aborted females-the ratio of men to women in India is widening in some parts of India (narrowing in other parts – which ones?). • Although outlawed-dowry still exists in India-families with sons receive payments from the bride’s parents • Dowry deaths are common • Laws against female infanticide & dowry deaths exist-but are not always enforced.

22. Women in India • Hindu culture attaches great importance to the male dominated family. • Hinduism teaches a reverence for all life-yet girls are still forced into arranged marriages-disputes over dowries and “Bride Price” often results in the death of the young bride. • Many dowry deaths are reported as “kitchen accidents” and never investigated. An Indian infant girl is given polio vaccine

23. Dowry Deaths in India- murders of brides (often by burning) when a dispute arises over a dowry. Difficult to “legislate away” the power relationships that lead to dowry deaths-female infanticide is also tied to the disempowerment of women Noida, India-Nisha Sharma sits in front of her dowry that her father planned to give to her groom’s family. She made national headlines in India, when she refused to marry the groom after his family demanded an even higher dowry.

24. Family and Social Conditions 9 yr old Nepal girl picks tea-1 of 180 million children world-wide that work instead of attending school. 97% are in periphery or semiperiphery countries. • Great contrast in treatment of boys & girls that puts females at a physical & psychological disadvantage • Many girls have to work 7 or mores hours a day as children-married off as early as possible; • Mauritania 39% of girls married by age 15, 15% had children • Bangladesh-73% married by age 15, 21% had 1 child by age 15

25. Women in Sub-Saharan Africa-populate much of the rural areas, as men migrate to cities for work.- produce 70% of the region’s food. - only a small percentage of women have legal title to their land.

26. Women in Muslim Countries • Many women in traditional or fundamentalist Islamic states live in isolation and servitude. • In Iran, Afghanistan, & elsewhere, women’s rights have eroded. • Ayatollah Khomeini’s 1979 Revolution in Iran created a theocracy • Taliban took over Afghanistan in 1997 & took women out of public life • Muslim women wearing the chador-note that updated technology and computers has not changed the religiously conservative areas of the Muslim world

27. Women and Education • Education gives the chance to improve one's circumstances • Where education levels are higher, women's circumstances are better • In much of the less-developed world, girls are left at home when boys start school • United Nations and UNICEF estimate that between 65 and 75 percent of all Indian women are illiterate

28. Education & Opportunity • Education is the key to remove gender gap. • In India, overall illiteracy is 55%, for women it is 65% to 75% • Progress in education & literacy lags in South Asia & Sub-Saharan Africa • There is also a sharp contrast between urban & rural areas • Barriers remain in certain professions-even in the West School in Somalia School in NY

29. Progress in Education • More girls now go to school than used to, at least at the elementary level • A growing number of women reach levels of higher education • It will take several generations for the gender gap to disappear • Recent reports from Africa and Asia suggest that in some countries progress in women's education has been halted or even reversed • In Africa, economic setbacks and armed conflicts have combined to erode education systems

30. Economy & Productivity • Women in the periphery produce over ½ the food, build homes, dig wells, plant & harvest crops, make clothes, etc. • Women in Africa work hard: • Cultivating corn & staple crops • Walk long distances for water • Gather firewood • Take care of the children • Cook the meals

31. Economy and Productivity Africa • Women probably have the hardest life • Produce an estimated 70 percent of the food by hand labor • Gather firewood from ever-increasing distances • Left many times without a husband who has moved to the city • Often cannot get bank loans or title to the land she works • A young girl will start working 12 hours a day as soon as she is able

32. Women in the Labor Force • Core Nations-35% to 39% of the labor force are women • Middle & South America about 24% to 29% of the labor force are women • Sub-Saharan Africa-37% are women-about 80% work on plantations. • Asia about 50% of the labor force are women-mostly on farms

33. Informal Economy –private, often home-based activities such as tailoring, beer brewing, food preparation, or vegetable gardening. South Korea-women sell food from their small market gardens near an ancient temple

34. Politics and Public Life • The dominance of males • In the United States, approximately half the voters are women • In the United States and Canada, women did not receive full enfranchisement—the right to vote—until 1920 • Male domination of political institutions was well established by 1920 • Not all countries have given women the right to vote

35. Politics and Public Life • The right to vote does not necessarily give women equal political power • In recent years there has been an increase in the amount of women in political leadership • A few national leaders have been women

36. Politics & Public Life • US & Canada did not grant enfranchisement to women until 1920. • Several women have been leaders of their nations-but no woman has ever run or been elected as President of the US • US-half of all voters are women: • yet only 17/100 Senators are women • 6/50 governors are women • 73/435 House members are women New Zealand was 1st to grant the vote to women in 1893 Australia-1902, Switzerland not until 1971, Portugal 1976 Top: Violetta Chamorro-President of Nicaragua; Gloria Arroyo-President of Philippines; Margaret Thatcher-PM of Britain; Indira Gandhi-leader of India Others-Golda Meir-Israel, Tansu Ciller-Turkey, Angela Merkel -- Germany Some Muslim nations of SW Asia still do not allow women to vote

37. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf President of Liberia Elected with a stunning 60 % of the vote This Harvard-educated Grandmother, the first woman elected to lead an African country, faces huge challenges; Nov. 2005 election

38. Identify the trend shown in the graph above. Identify and explain an effect of this trend on population growthin the developing world. Identify and explain an effect of this trend on economic development in the developing world. Identify and explain an effect of this trend on gender roles in the developing world.