World War I: Causes, Alliances, Warfare, Neutrality, and Propaganda

1. THE FIRST WORLD WARChapter 11 World War I Begins American Power Tips the Balance The War at Home Wilson Fights for Peace http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/firstworldwar/index.html

2. World War I BeginsSection 1 • Causes of World War I • Nationalism • Imperialism • Militarism • Alliance Systems • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

3. Nationalism • Devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation • Atmosphere of competition between countries • Various ethnic groups wanted independence for their nationality or peoples • Serbia wanted to unite all Serbian peoples in the Baltics

4. Imperialism • Competition for Empire • Colonies • Raw Materials • German competing against Britain and France

5. Militarism • The development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy • Arms Race to build the strongest Armies and Navies • Compare to the Cold War after WWII • Nuclear Weapons • Space Race

6. Alliance Systems • Triple Entente • - France • - Great Britain • - Russia • Triple Alliance • - Germany • - Austria-Hungary • - Italy

7. Assassination of Archduke • Who: Franz Ferdinand, heir to Austria/Hungarian throne • What: Assassinated • Where: Sarajevo, Bosnia • When: June 1914 • Why: Black Hand group wanted to unite Serbian peoples in Bosnia. Gavrilo Princip shot Archduke and wife at point blank range. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria

8. The 1911 Gräf & StiftBois de Boulogne tourer in which Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were riding at the time of their assassination. • Gavrilo Princip • Archduke and wife in Sarajevo • The Archduke and wife, Sophie • Franz Ferdinand's blood-stained uniform http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria

9. Central Powers Austria/Hungary declare war on Serbia Germany backs A/H Germany invades France w/ the Schliffen Plan (going through Belgium) a neutral country Allied Powers Serbia Russia goes to the aid of Serbia France backs Russia Britain backs France after German invasion Belgium is forced into war due to invasion Italy is bribed to join the Allies Alliance Systems Kick In

10. Fighting Starts-Trench Warfare http://www.docstoc.com/docs/document-preview.aspx?doc_id=97757507 • Trench Warfare • See page 376 • http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtrench.htm • Virtual Tour • http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/launch_vt_dugout_ext.shtml • http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/launch_vt_frontline.shtml • http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/launch_vt_trench_life.shtml • http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/launch_vt_dogfight.shtml • World War I Game • http://farmfive.com/flash/warfare1917.html

11. Medical Care During the War • Conditions • Filth, Lice, Rats, Polluted Water • Wet and flooded trenches • Smell of gas and decayed bodies • Lack of Sleep • Constant bombardment • Diseases • Trench Foot • Trench Mouth • Shell Shock

12. Weapons & Mechanized Warfare • Mechanized Warfare – warfare that relies on machines powered by gasoline and diesel engines • Weapons • Big Bertha • Zeppelins • Poison Gas • Tank • Airplane • Machine Guns • Trench Mortars

13. Americans Question Neutrality • Pres. Wilson wanted Neutrality • “Peace without Victory” • “U.S. must be neutral in fact as well as in name during these days that are to try men’s souls.” • View U.S. Neutrality under World War I http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/AP%20US%20History%20II/course%20files/multimedia/lesson56/lessonp_nroc_ap.html • Problems with Neutrality • Nation of Immigrants • Use of Propaganda • Economic Considerations

14. Problems with Neutrality • Nation of Immigrants • For Allied Powers • Culturally tied to England • Helped by French in Revolutionary War • We see the Central Powers as the Aggressors • For Central Powers • Many people of German / Austrian Descent • Russians in U.S. hate Russian Tzar • Irish in U.S. hate the British rule of Ireland

15. Problems with Neutrality • Propaganda – idea, facts, rumors or lies spread deliberately to help or hurt a cause. • German Propaganda • “Hunger Blockade” • British Propaganda • Civilization vs. Barbarianism • Invasion of Belgium • Compare Germans to the Huns

16. Problems with Neutrality • U.S. Trade with Europe is extensive • Allies: 1914 - $825 million in trade 1916 – $3.2 Billion in trade • Central: 1914 - $170 million in trade 1916 - $2 million in trade U.S. also loaned Allies $2.3 billion compared to $27 million to Germany

17. Problems with Britain • British warships started stopping U.S. merchant ships with non-military goods bound for Central Powers Countries. • U.S. protests but are not willing to go to war over it. • View Subs under World War I @ http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/AP%20US%20History%20II/course%20files/multimedia/lesson56/lessonp_nroc_ap.html

18. Problems with Germany • Use of U-Boats (submarines) without surfacing to give warning to neutral vessels. Against international law. • War Zone Around British Isles • Sinking of the Lusitania • May 7, 1915 hit by German torpedoes • Sunk in 15 to 30 minutes • 1198 Passengers and Crew killed • 128 Americans in total • U.S. outraged, but do not declare war • Germans claim ship carried munitions for Allies

19. Sussex Pledge • After several incidents of sinkings the Germans agree to suspend surprise attacks when the U.S. threatens to sever diplomatic relations.

20. Election of 1916 • Wilson – Incumbent Democrat • Slogan “He Kept Us Out Of War” • “Peace with Honor” • Charles Evans Hughes – Republican • Military Preparedness (Teddy Roosevelt) • Freedom of the Seas / Be easy on Germany • Pacifists –people opposed to war –Henry Ford • Close Election – Wilson wins

21. U.S. Declares War –Reasons for Declaration • Unrestricted Submarine Warfare • Zimmerman Note • Overthrow of Czar (Tsar) Nicolas II of Russia

22. American Power Tips the BalanceSection 2 • America Mobilizes • US unprepared for war • Small armed force (200,000) with few experienced officers • Raising an Army • Selective Service Act • May 1917 it required men 21-30 to register for the draft. • August age limit expanded to 18-45. • July the 1st names were drawn from a fish bowl in lottery style

23. Draft Statistics • 24 million registered • 3 million were called up • 2 million served in the Great War • ¾ saw actual combat • Most servicemen did NOT have a high school education • 20% were foreign born

24. Discrimination in the Service • African American Soldiers • 400,000 African American served in segregated units • They were excluded from Navy and Marines • Made to do non-combat duties • Women • Excluded from enlisting in Army • Army Corps of Nurses, but no rank, pay or benefits • Non-combat duties in Navy and Marines with full rank

25. Training • No problem with man power • Draft • Volunteers • Problem with feeding, clothing, housing, transportation, and training • Lack of bases to train and accommodate solders • Lack of supplies, like weapons, grenades, etc. • Had to use fake weapons like broom sticks and rocks • Drill in civilian clothing due to lack of uniforms • Lack of Planes and Tanks

26. Mass Production of Ships • Exempted or deferred shipyard workers from the draft • Public Relations Campaign • Use of Fabrication Techniques • Government took over commercial and private ships to be converted for transatlantic war use

27. What is the message this graphic is trying to convey? Check out: On the Water- Building Ships for Victory at the link below. http://amhistory.si.edu/onthewater/exhibition/6_2.html

28. America Turns the Tide • German U-Boat Attacks threaten shipping lanes around the British Isles • Solution: Convoy System developed by Admiral William Sims. • Group several merchant ships together and surround them with cruisers and battleships on the high seas. Once in the U-Boat zone Destroyers would be added for extra protection. • Sail in a zigzag, irregular pattern to make it harder to track Check out the following information about the role of the submarine and destroyer in World War I: http://www.cityofart.net/bship/destroyers.html http://www.cityofart.net/bship/u_boat.html

29. Convoy System Huge Success • By end of War 90% of ships sailed in system • Less than 1% of protected ships were lost to the enemy.

30. Fighting in Europe http://www.thewarpage.com/ww1us.html • General John J. Pershing • Lt. George S. Patton, Jr. • Eddie Rickenbacker, a famous racecar driver • American Expeditionary Force • Limited role at first as replacements for depleted British and French troops • Eventually fought as American Units • Nickname “Doughboys”

31. The U.S. Turns the Tide • Major Battles • Cantigny • 2nd Battle of Marne • Saint-Mihiel • Meuse-Argonne

32. U.S. Losses • 48,000 battle deaths • 62,000 disease and other causes • 200,000 + wounded

33. Heroes of the War • Alvin York • Began as a conscientious objector • A person who opposes warfare on moral grounds or religious conviction • Armed with only a rifle and a revolver, he killed 25 Germans • With 6 other soldiers he captured 132 German Prisoners • Promoted to Sergeant and awarded many medals • Returned home to become a huge celebrity http://www.sgtyork.org/index.html

34. Heroes of the War • Eddie Rickenbacker • Famous Racecar Driver • Began as a driver for General Pershing’s Staff • Pilot with the 94th Aero Pursuit Squadron • Ace of Aces • 130 Air Battles • Downed 26 Enemy Planes http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Rickenbacker

35. The Collapse of Germany • Austria/Hungary surrenders Nov. 3, 1918 • Nov. 3 German sailors mutiny and the mutiny spreads to the Army and workers • Nov. 9 a Provisional Government is established and the Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates his throne and flees to the Netherlands • Armistice (truce) is signed 11th hour, of the 11th day, of the 11th month, 1918.

36. The Final Toll • Deaths = 22 million (more then half civilian deaths) • England = 900,000 • France = 1.35 million • Russia = 1.7 million • Germany = 2 million • Austria/Hungary = 1.25 million • U.S. = 110,000 • Wounded = 20 million • Refugee = 10 million • Direct Economic Cost = $338 Billion

37. Comparing Battle Deaths • World War I 11 battle deaths per 1,000 • World War II 18 battle deaths per 1,000 • Vietnam __ battle deaths per 1,000 • 1/3 the number of deaths in Civil War

38. The War At HomeSection 3 • View: Mobilizing the Nation for War @ http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/AP%20US%20History%20II/course%20files/multimedia/lesson56/lessonp_nroc_ap.html http://www.woodrowwilson.org/doc_img/321813.jpg

39. War Industries Board • Bernard M. Baruch – administrator • July 1917- Created to coordinate the manufacture and purchase of all supplies needed in the war • Encourage companies to use mass-production techniques and use standardized production of goods • Set production quotas • Allocated raw materials

40. Effects of the War on the Economy and Lifestyles • Retail prices double (food, clothing, necessities) • Coal shortage • Rationing • Corporate profits soar • Change in women’s clothing • Steel ribbed corsets • Tall leather shoes • Hemlines rose

41. Fuel Administration • Aug. 1917 • Encouraged the increased production of fuel and reduced consumption of fuel • Monitored coal supplies and rationed gasoline and heating oil • Daylight Savings Time Implemented • Ben Franklin

42. Food Administration • Herbert Hoover – administrator • Promoted farmers to increase production • Promoted the public to eat less • Meatless Days • Wheatless Days • Sweetless Days • Gospel of the Clean Plate • Planting of Victory Gardens

43. Financing the War Effort • War Revenue Act 1917 • Raised Corporate Tax (War Profits Tax) • Raised Individual Income Tax • Excise tax on tobacco, liquor and luxury items • Sale of Liberty Bonds or Victory Bonds • Movie Stars promoted • Patriotic expression • Total Cost - $35.5 billion • 1 million an hour for 2 years

44. Committee on Public Info • George Creel – administrator • 1st full-blown propaganda agency in U.S. history • Purpose is to “Sell the War” to the American public and those around the world • Hired writers, lectures, artist, photographers, and filmmakers to promote the war in a favorable light • “Four Minute Men” to deliver speeches • “Red, White, and Blue” pamphlets distributed

45. Anti- Immigrant Hysteria • Anti-Immigrant attacks against those of Germany ancestry or nationality • Lost their jobs • Orchestras stopped playing German and Austria composer • Changed German named towns • Stopped teaching German language classes • Removal of German authors from libraries • Flogging and beating, tar and feathering

46. German Names Change • German Measles = Liberty Measles • Hamburger = Salisbury Steak • Hamburger = Liberty Sandwich • Sauerkraut = Liberty Cabbage • Dachshunds = Liberty Pups

47. Espionage Act of 1917 • Against the Law to: • Aid the enemy • Interfere with the draft • Encourage disloyalty • Refuse to serve in the Armed Forces • Penalty: • Heavy fine up to $10,000 • 20 years in prison

48. The Sedition Act of 1918 • Crime to write, print, publish, or say anything negative against the government, Constitution, flag, uniform of service, and war effort. • Penalty: • Same as Espionage Act

49. Civil Liberties Lost • Violation of First Amendment • Loss of Mailing Privileges • 6,000 Arrests and 1,500 Convictions • Firings • See Examples on page 392 See Supreme Court Decisions on the Espionage and Sedition Acts @ http://www.hippocampus.org/US%20History%20II

50. African Americans and the War • Most African Americans backed the war effort • Greatest Effect on African Americans lives was the Great Migration • Large scale movement of Southern blacks to cities in the North from 1910-1930 • Escape Jim Crowism (racism) • Boll Weevil infestation-hurt farming of cotton • Job opportunities in North