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Civil Rights Movement. Recent American History. What are your civil rights?. 13 th Amendment 14 th Amendment 15 th Amendment. Segregation. The practice of separating people of different races, classes, or ethnic groups. Legislation that declares segregation or…desegregation.
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Civil Rights Movement Recent American History
What are your civil rights? 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment
Segregation The practice of separating people of different races, classes, or ethnic groups
Truman When Truman was unable to pass laws through Congress to fight civil rights, Truman established the Committees on Civil Rights in 1946. In 1948, he ordered the end of racial discrimination in the federal government and all three branches of the military Many Democrats in the South break from Truman
Election of 1948 Southern Democrats who did not favor civil rights legislation formed their own political party called The States’ Rights Party or the Dixiecrats and nominated Strom Thurmond as their candidate. Despite the break of the Democratic Party, Truman still won the election.
Truman’s Fair Deal After winning the 1948 election Truman attempted to pass a reform package called the Fair Deal. It attempted to carry on Roosevelt’s New Deal agenda but Congress blocked many of the bills. Two that succeeded was an increase in minimum wage and the inclusion of more workers under Social Security.
Chief Justice Earl Warren’s Exact Words… • “To separate African American children from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely to ever be undone…We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of “separate but equal” has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal”
Doll Test and the Brown Ruling During the 1940s, psychologists Kenneth Clark and his wife Mamie Phipps Clark tried to demonstrate the negative effects of segregation on black children. They developed a test using four dolls, identical except for the skin color. When asked which doll they liked best, most of the black children chose the white doll. After the testing was completed, Clark concluded that "prejudice, discrimination, and segregation" caused African American children to develop a senses of inferiority and self-hatred. The results of the tests were used during court cases, including Brown v. Board, to show that segregation damaged the personality development of black children.
Brown II • Brown Two • Second ruling on Brown case • Required States to implement desegregation with “all deliberate speed”
Food For Thought… Why do you think the Brown vs. Board decision is such a landmark case in history?
Big Picture Segregation remained widespread in the U.S. after WWII, especially in the South but there were signs of change. The Supreme Court ruling Brown vs. Board heralded the beginning of the modern civil rights movement.
Emmett Till A Chicago boy (14) that was visiting family in Money, MS. He made advances on a white woman and her husband and brother-in-law felt they had to take revenge. Till was shot in the head and dumped into the Tallahatchie River.
Modeling My Expectations… What/who sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
Montgomery Bus Boycott • The Boycott Begins • Dec. 1st, 1955 Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a segregated Alabama bus • Arrested for violation of city’s segregation laws
Key Players • African Americans across city boycott bus system • Women’s Political Council (WPC) organized telephone chains, leaflets, and carpools • Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) created to promote and support boycott • Martin Luther King Jr. is the leader of MLA and spokesman for boycott
MLK’s Exact Words… • “My friends, I want it to be known that we’re going to work with grim and bold determination to gain justice on the buses in this city. And we are not wrong, we are not wrong in what we are doing. If we are wrong, the Supreme Court and this nation is wrong. If we are wrong, God Almighty is wrong….If we are long, justice is a lie. And we are determined here in Montgomery to work and fight until justice runs down like water and righteousness like a mighty stream.”
EffectsMontgomery Bus Boycott • African-American community decides to boycott the Montgomery busses until they integrate (381 days) … nonviolently • In 1956 federal judges ruled against Montgomery segregation laws • Laid foundation for civil rights struggle in the 1960s • King became spokesman for the movement … “It was a great ride”
Food For Thought… How do you believe African American’s nonviolent tactics appeared to the world versus white violent tactics?
Civil Rights Groups • Place in notes (p.706) • Name two groups that worked to achieve racial equality.
Freedom Rides Group known as Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized an attempt to integrate bus stations across the country. Some of these “Riders” were met with violence in some Southern towns.
University of Mississippi James Meredith had to be escorted by two federal troops to register to go to Ole Miss in 1962.
Albany and Birmingham Read the passage beginning on page 712 about the events in Birmingham. Why did civil rights leaders use children to carry out protest in Birmingham?
“I Have a Dream”MLK’s Exact Words… “I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: “We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal.”…I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character…I have a dream that one day the little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls and walk together as sisters and brothers.”
Landmark Legislation • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Banned discrimination in all public accommodations on the basis of race, sex, religion, or national origin
A New Political Party African American leaders realized they needed a bigger voice in the political arena so they formed the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) led by Fannie Lou Hamer.
Question What two “things” were keeping blacks from voting?
24th Amendment, 1964 Banned the payment of poll taxes as a condition for voting in federal elections.
Freedom Summer Group of SNCC civil rights workers traveled into MS to help AAs register to vote. Three of those workers were killed in Philadelphia.
Landmark Legislation • Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Outlawed literacy tests and other tactics used to prevent blacks the right to vote
1965The More Militant Half They got a little “taste” of equality and they wanted more…
We Shall Overcome…but how?The Changing Movement 1960s 1950s Civil Disobedience Black Power • Martin Luther King Jr. • Non violent tactics • Black Integration • Concentrated in South • Malcolm X • Violence / Self Defense • Black Separatism • Goals in North & South
What should I be able to do? Name leaders who shaped the Black Power movement.
Black Power Movement • Emphasized black separatism and pride • Urged African Americans to “define their own goals and lead their own organizations” • Examples: • Afros, • Black studies classes in college
Malcolm X • Background • Member of Nation of Islam (Black Muslims) • Beliefs • Contradicted MLK and nonviolence • Black separatism and self-defense
Malcolm’s Exact Words… “Concerning nonviolence: it is criminal to teach a man not to defend himself when he is the constant victim of brutal attacks. It is legal and lawful to own a shotgun or a rifle. We believe in obeying the laws…The time has come for the American Negro to fight back in self-defense whenever and where ever he is being unjustly and unlawfully attacked”
The Black Panthers Group that called for the self-defense of African-Americans from racism . Often appeared carrying guns.
Food For Thought… Which half do you believe was more successful? Why?
Big Picture The civil rights movement changed course in mid-1960s, moving beyond the South and expanding its goals. Many activists abandoned the strategy of nonviolence.
