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Vaccine Basics

Vaccine Basics. Growing Herd. Mature Herd. Understand What We’re Up Against. How are cattle (the ultimate recyclers) raised? over 90 million cattle in U.S. … 50% from herds less than 30 … 90% beef & 10% dairy … of the beef … 2 years from birth to food supply 40% in breeding herds

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Vaccine Basics

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  1. Vaccine Basics Growing Herd Mature Herd

  2. Understand What We’re Up Against • How are cattle (the ultimate recyclers) raised? • over 90 million cattle in U.S. … • 50% from herds less than 30 … • 90% beef & 10% dairy … of the beef … • 2 years from birth to food supply • 40% in breeding herds • 30% grazing • 30% harvested each year • ALL in OPEN AIR ENVIROMENT !!! … wildlife • deer, coyotes, raccoons, birds, rodents, insects, …

  3. Cattle Health / Disease Prevention… in the “real world”? Can you say “A-RITS”

  4. Biosecurity Basics for Livestock Operations • Biosecurity is a practice designed to prevent the spread of disease by minimizing the movement of biologic organisms (viruses, bacteria, rodents, etc.) onto and within an operation. • Biosecurity can be very difficult to maintain because of the very complex interrelationships between management, biologic organisms and biosecurity. • Biocontainment maybe the only practical control for many diseases. • While developing and maintaining biosecurity is difficult it is the cheapest, most effective means of disease control available and no disease prevention program will work without it.

  5. Health - Disease Complex Interactions

  6. Immunology-Vaccine Principles, Optimizing Vaccination, FPT Effects

  7. IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES: definitions • INJECTION:to force a fluid into (antibiotic, vitamin, vaccine, etc.) • VACCINATION:inject with a vaccine • IMMUNIZATION:to render not affected or responsive • (protected from disease due to infection)

  8. IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES • INJECTION = VACCINATION • VACCINATION ≠ IMMUNIZATION • IMMUNIZATION REQUIRES…. • Effective vaccine • Immunocompetent calf

  9. IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES • For VACCINATION = IMMUNIZATION • requires an IMMUNE RESPONSE • IMMUNE REPONSE Cognition …Self from Non-Self & Presentation Activation …Clonal Expansion & Differentiation Effect… Killing Virus Infected Cell & Antibody Prod.

  10. Immune System Diagram

  11. Immune System At Work

  12. IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES: • USING THIS INFORMATION … • make sure your clients have the ingredients for a protective immune response … EFFECTIVE VACCINE + RESPONSIVE CALF • mounting an immune response has a METABOLIC COST • mounting an immune response is complicated & subject to… SUPPRESSION • mounting an immune response… TAKES TIME

  13. Herd Immunity* Right Bug?? Vaccine Handling Vaccine Delivery Timing*** Challenge Dose* Calf Maturity** Nutrition*? Parasites*? Genetics? Distress* OPTIMIZING VACCINATION: Animal Husbandry … COUNTS

  14. OPTIMIZING VACCINATION: Herd Immunity • Vaccine can be “working” even if individual cattle are diseased • Works well with highly contagious diseases (e.g. IBR, Brucellosis) • Not as effective with lowly contagious diseases (e.g. tetanus)

  15. OPTIMIZING VACCINATION: “Right” Bug • Disease complexes • e.g.. Viral BRD: IBR, BVD, BRSV, PI3 • adenovirus, coronavirus, rhinovirus, enterovirus, reovirus, MCF virus. • Changes in the bugs • (antigenic instability) • e.g.. BVD, influenza virus • most are fairly stable

  16. OPTIMIZING VACCINATION: • Vaccine Handling • Temperature abuse • Ultraviolet light (sunlight) • Disinfectants • Vaccine Delivery • Subcutaneous when available • Intramuscular in neck only • Proper restraint • Correct needle size & length • Needle changes • Sanitation • Timing • BRD incubation time 7 to 10 days • Immune response takes 3 -10 days …or longer • Peaks in 2 to 4 weeks ... Best if repeated

  17. Vaccine Titers

  18. OPTIMIZING VACCINATION: Challenge Dose • Even a normally protective level of immunity can be overwhelmed… • This is bad …but disease may not last as long or be as severe. • But could be good if vaccine overcomes protection to improve immunity (booster and maternal block)

  19. Challenge Diagram

  20. Challenge – Immunization Diagram

  21. OPTIMIZING VACCINATION: • Calf Factors -- Maturity -- Genetics -- History • (parasites, nutrition, previous vaccines)

  22. Colostrum Absorption

  23. Immunity vs Age

  24. OPTIMIZING VACCINATION: Distress • some are inevitable • many are avoidable • ELIMINATE the avoidable • SHIFT the inevitable so they don’t all happen at the same time

  25. Response to Stress: Stress plays a large part in the disease

  26. OPTIMIZING VACCINATION: Calf Factors • PREEXPOSURE IMMUNIZATION giving the vaccine before disease challenge & immunosuppression instead of after disease challenge & during immunosuppression reduces sickness & death

  27. OPTIMIZING VACCINATION: PRE-EXPOSURE IMMUNIZATION • Will rarely make disease rate = zero • If disease rate is low, hard to see effect • Effectiveness ≠ Cost effectiveness

  28. Vaccine Titers

  29. Colostrum Absorption • Normal Passive Transfer (NPT) … >1600 mg/dl (TPP >7%) • Partial Failure of Passive Transfer (PFPT) … 800 to 1600 mg/dl (TPP 5 to 7%) • Failure of Passive Transfer (FPT) … <800 mg/dl (TPP <5 %)

  30. NEONATAL SICKNESS rates by passive transfer status in 263 calves(60-20-183) … P<0.05, FPT OR=6.4)

  31. Prevention … is key Treatment salvages only part of the loss Immune preparation … Need an effective vaccine

  32. VACCINES • Killed vaccines (KV) and toxoids • Subunit vaccines are a type of killed vaccine • Autogenous bacterial vaccines • Modified live vaccines (MLV) contain live altered • Chemically altered vaccines contain modified live

  33. Killed Vaccines (KV) and Toxoids • Advantages: • Available for a wide variety of diseases • No risk of reverting to virulent form • No risk of vaccine organism spreading between animals • Little risk of causing abortion • More stable in storage • No on-farm mixing, therefore less risk of contamination • Excellent stimulant of passive antibodies in colostrum

  34. Killed Vaccines (KV) and Toxoids • Disadvantages: • More likely to cause allergic reactions and post vaccination lumps • Two initial doses required at least 10 days apart • Slower onset of immunity • May not produce as strong or as long-lasting immunity as MLV products • Produce a narrower spectrum of protection than MLV products • Tend to be more expensive than MLV products

  35. Modified Live Vaccines (MLV) • Advantages: • One initial dose is usually sufficient but additional booster doses may be required • More rapid protection than KV products • Produces a wider spectrum of protection than KV products • Less likely to cause allergic reactions or post vaccination lumps than KV products • Less susceptible to passive antibody vaccine block than KV products • Tend to be less expensive

  36. Modified Live Vaccines (MLV) • Disadvantages: • Potential to mutate to a virulent form • Could exacerbate disease in immunosuppressed animals • Potential for excessive immune response • Some risk of causing abortion or transient infertility • Must be handled and mixed with additional care

  37. Chemically Altered Vaccines • Advantages: • Share many characteristics of MLV products • Safety similar to KV products • More rapid protection than KV products • No risk of reverting to virulent form • Little risk of causing abortion

  38. Chemically Altered Vaccines • Disadvantages: • Protection not as rapid as MLV products • Two initial doses required • May not produce as strong or as long-lasting immunity • Unless given on a mucus membrane, stimulates little or no mucosal immunity • Must be handled and mixed more carefully • Tend to be more expensive than modified live vaccines

  39. USDA can grant one of five possible levels of protection: • Prevention of infection. • Prevention of disease. • Aid in disease prevention. • Aid in disease control.

  40. Clyde Lane Temperature Range • 77 units (42.8%) had readings below 32 degrees • 38 units (21.1%) had readings above 45 degrees

  41. Clyde Lane Temperature Range • Refrigeration units varied from 16.5 to 55.6 degrees • Spread in temperature in a refrigeration unit • 1.8 to 25.4 degrees

  42. Clyde Lane Retail Refrigerators • 19,461 animal health products • Less than ½ % were expired • 16.1% contained food

  43. Keys to Healthy Calves Born to HEALTHY mothers!!! Born in CLEAN environment!!! Move to clean pasture ASAP … AND Keep in similar age groups 1st month. OR Move all cows yet to calve to clean pasture each week. • Three doses of ALL important vaccines before entering the herd • BVD Test Negative • Proper Body Condition Score … 6 • Colostrum ASAP!!!

  44. DGRIFFIN@GPVEC.UNL.EDU http://GPVEC.UNL.EDU Save a Cow … Eat a Vegetarian Good Luck To You

  45. DGRIFFIN@GPVEC.UNL.EDU http://GPVEC.UNL.EDU Save a Cow … Eat a Vegetarian Good Luck To You

  46. Herd Vaccine Use … ?

  47. Herd Vaccine Use … ?

  48. The Breeding Herd

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