Sustainable Cities

1. SustainableCities Chapter 22

2. The Ecocity Concept in Curitiba, Brazil • Ecocity, green city:Curitiba, Brazil • Bus system: cars banned in certain areas • Housing and industrial parks • Recycling of materials • Helping the poor • New challenges

3. Major Population Trends in Urban Areas • Urbanization continues to increase steadily and the numbers and sizes of urban areas are growing rapidly, especially in developing countries.

4. Half of the World’s People Live in Urban Areas • Urbanization – creation and growth of urban areas • Urban growth- rate of increase of urban populations • Natural increase- more birth’s than death’s • 79% - Americans and 50%- world’s people live in urban areas • Immigration from rural areas • Pushed from rural areas to urban areas • Pulled to urban areas from rural areas

5. Half of the World’s People Live in Urban Areas • Four major trends • Proportion of global population living in urban areas is increasing • Number and size of urban areas is mushrooming • Megacities – more than 10 million - 18 • Hypercities – more than 20 million -1 :Tokyo • Urban growth slower in developed countries • Poverty is becoming increasingly urbanized; mostly in developing countries

6. Global Outlook: Satellite Image of Major Urban Areas Throughout the World

7. Typical Daily Traffic Jam of People, Carts, and Other Vehicles in Delhi, India

8. Urbanization in the US • Four phases between 1800 and 2008 • Migration from rural areas to large central cities • Migration from large central cities to SUBURBS and smaller cities • Migration from North and East to South and West • Migration from cities and suburbs to developed rural areas - EXBURBS

9. Urbanization in the US • Environmental problems decreased • better working and housing conditions • air/water quality improved • better sanitation, better medical care • concentration in cities, reduced habitat destruction, protect biodiversity • Older cities • Deteriorating services • Aging infrastructures- streets, bridgeswater supply pipes, sewers,dams. Fallen $1.5 trillion behind

10. Major Urban Areas in the United States Revealed by Satellite Images at Night

11. Urban Sprawl Gobbles Up the Countryside • Urban sprawl – growth of low-density development • Contributing factors to urban sprawl in the U.S. • Ample land • Federal government loans • Low-cost gasoline; highways • Tax laws encouraged home ownership • State and local zoning laws • Multiple political jurisdictions: poor urban planning

12. Urban Sprawl Gobbles Up the Countryside • Effects of urban sprawl Las Vegas 1973 Las Vegas 2000

13. U.S. Megalopolis of Bowash 500 mile long with 35 million people

14. NATURAL CAPITAL DEGRADATION Urban Sprawl Land and Biodiversity Water Energy, Air, and Climate Economic Effects Increased use of surface water and groundwater Increased energy use and waste Loss of cropland Decline of downtown business districts Loss of forests and grasslands Increased air pollution Increased runoff and flooding Increased unemployment in central city Loss of wetlands Increased greenhouse gas emissions Increased surface water and groundwater pollution Loss and fragmentation of wildlife habitats Loss of tax base in central city Enhanced global warming Decreased natural sewage treatment Fig. 22-6, p. 593

15. Urbanization Has Advantages • Centers of: • Economic development • Innovation • Education • Technological advances • Jobs • Environmental advantages • Recycling • Reduce stress on wildlife habitats • Save energy – mass transportation

16. Urbanization has Disadvantages • Huge ecological footprints • Urban populations occupy 2% of the world’s area but consume 75% of the resources and reulting high waste output • Lack vegetation • Vegetation destroyed –buildings, parking lots , roads • no absorbtion of pollutants, shade, aesthetic • Water problems • flooding, destroy wetlands, • severe water shortage

17. Urbanization Has Disadvantages • Concentrate pollution and health problems • Excessive noise • Different climate and experience light pollution • cities warmer, foggier,cloudier than suburbs and nearby rural areas • heat generated by industry ,heat -absorbing surfaces create URBAN HEAT ISLAND

18. Natural Capital Degradation: Urban Areas Rarely Are Sustainable Systems Inputs Outputs Energy Solid wastes Waste heat Food Air pollutants Water Water pollutants Raw materials Greenhouse gases Manufactured goods Manufactured goods Noise Money Wealth Information Ideas Fig. 22-8, p. 595

19. Noise Levels of Some Common Sounds Permanent damage begins after 8-hour exposure Noise Levels (in dbA) 85 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 Earphones at loud level Quiet rural area Boom cars Normal breathing Rainfall Vacuum cleaner Lawn mower Rock music Normal conversation Quiet room Thunderclap (nearby) Chain saw Average factory Air raid siren Military rifle Whisper Fig. 22-9, p. 596

20. Life Is a Desperate Struggle for the Urban Poor in Developing Countries • Slums • Squatter settlements • Shantytown • What can governments do ? • slow migration from rural areas • designate land, supply clean water, composting toilets • transportation

21. Case Study: Mexico City • Urban area in crisis • Severe air pollution • Water pollution • 50% Unemployment • Deafening noise • Overcrowding • Traffic congestion • Inadequate public transportation • 1/3 live in slums (barrios) or squatter settlement • Progress – catalytic converters after 1991,no cars in central zone, no leaded gas, green spaces

22. How Does Transportation Affect Urban Environmental Impacts? • Combination of plentiful land, inexpensive fuel, expanding network of highways – dispersed cities, residents depend on motor vehicles for most transportation • Compact citiesDispersed cities • Hong Kong, China United States • Tokyo, Japan Canada • Mass transit Australia

23. Motor Vehicles Have Advantages and Disadvantages • Advantages • Mobility and convenience • Jobs in • Production and repair of vehicles • Supplying fuel • Building roads • Status symbol • Disadvantages • Largest source of outdoor air pollution • Accidents: death and injury • Helped create urban sprawl • Traffic congestion

24. Reducing Automobile Use Is Not Easy, but It Can Be Done • Full-cost pricing: high gasoline taxes - $3.18/liter • Gradually phasing in, will spur energy – efficient cars and mass transportation • Europe, Japan, Developing Chinese cities • Difficult to pass in the United States • Strong public opposition • Mass transit: not an option in most cities • Dispersed nature of the U.S.

25. Reducing Automobile Use Is Not Easy, but It Can Be Done • Raise parking fees • Tolls on roads, tunnels, and bridges into major cities • Car-sharing • Charge a fee to drive into a major city • It is working in some cities

26. Some Cities Are Promoting Alternatives to Car Ownership • Bicycles • Heavy-rail systems • Light-rail systems • Buses • Rapid-rail system between urban areas

27. TRADE-OFFS Bicycles Advantages Disadvantages Affordable Little protection in an accident Produce no pollution Do not protect riders from bad weather Quiet Impractical for long trips Require little parking space Can be tiring (except for electric bicycles) Easy to maneuver in traffic Take few resources to make Lack of secure bike parking Fig. 22-11, p. 600

28. TRADE-OFFS Mass Transit Rail Advantages Disadvantages Expensive to build and maintain Uses less energy and produces less air pollution than cars Cost-effective only along a densely populated corridor Requires less land than roads and parking areas for cars Commits riders to transportation schedules Causes fewer injuries and deaths than cars Can cause noise and vibration for nearby residents Reduces car congestion in cities Fig. 22-12, p. 600

29. TRADE-OFFS Buses Advantages Disadvantages Can be rerouted as needed Can lose money because they need low fares to attract riders Can get caught in traffic and add to pollution Cost less to develop and maintain than heavy-rail system Commits riders to transportation schedules Can greatly reduce car use and air pollution Noisy Fig. 22-13, p. 601

30. TRADE-OFFS Rapid Rail Advantages Disadvantages Can reduce travel by car or plane Expensive to run and maintain Must operate along heavily used routes to be profitable Ideal for trips of 200–1,000 kilometers (120–620 miles) Causes noise and vibration for nearby residents Much more energy efficient per rider than a car or plane Fig. 22-14, p. 601

31. Potential Routes for High-Speed Bullet Trains in the U.S./Canada

32. Case Study: Destroying a Great Mass Transit System in the United States • National City Lines • Purchased and dismantled streetcar systems • Sales of cars and buses increased • Guilty of conspiracy

33. How Important Is Urban Land Use Planning? Urban land-use planning can help to reduce uncontrolled sprawl and slow the resulting degradation of air, water, land, biodiversity, and other natural resources.

34. Conventional Land-Use Planning • Land-use planning • Encourages future population growth • Economic development • Revenues: property taxes • Environmental and social consequences • Zoning – various parcels of land are designated for various uses • Mixed-use zoning – promoting neighborhood grocery stores

35. Smart Growth works • Smart growth • Reduces dependence on cars • Controls and directs sprawl • Cuts wasteful resource US cities – Portland, Oregon, greenest city in the US San Francisco, CA Curitiba, Brazil China 80% of country’s arable land designated as fundamental land Europe-high gas tax

36. SOLUTIONS Smart Growth Tools Limits and Regulations Protection Preserve existing open space Buy new open space Limit building permits Buy development rights that prohibit certain types of development on land parcels Urban growth boundaries Greenbelts around cities Public review of new development Taxes Tax land, not buildings Zoning Tax land on value of actual use (such as forest and agriculture) instead of on highest value as developed land Encourage mixed use of housing and small businesses Concentrate development along mass transportation routes Tax Breaks For owners agreeing not to allow certain types of development (conservation easements) Promote high-density cluster housing developments For cleaning up and developing abandoned urban sites (brownfields) Planning Ecological land-use planning Revitalization and New Growth Revitalize existing towns and cities Environmental impact analysis Build well-planned new towns and villages within cities Integrated regional planning State and national planning Fig. 22-16, p. 603

37. Preserving and Using Open Space • Urban growth boundary • U.S. states: Washington, Oregon, and Tennessee • Municipal parks • U.S. cities: New York City and San Francisco • Greenbelts • Canadian cities: Vancouver and Toronto • Western European cities Central Park, New York

38. How Can Cities Become More Sustainable and Livable? An ecocity allows people to: choose walking, biking, or mass transit for most transportation needs; recycle or reuse most of their wastes; grow much of their food; and protect biodiversity by preserving surrounding land.

39. New Urbanism Is Growing • Conventional housing development • Cluster development – high density housing clustered, rest of the land is common shared space • New urbanism, old villageism • Walkability • Mixed-use and diversity • Quality urban design • Environmental sustainability • Smart transportation Mayfaire, Wilmington,NC ; Yardley, PA ; Kentlands, Gaithersburg MD and others

40. Conventional and Cluster Housing Developments

41. The Ecocity Concept: Cities for People Not Cars • Ecocities or green cities • Build and redesign for people • Use renewable energy resources • Recycle and purify water • Use energy and matter resources efficiently • Prevent pollution and reduce waste • Recycle, reuse and compost municipal waste • Protect and support biodiversity • Urban gardens; farmers markets • Zoning and other tools for sustainability

42. Urban Indoor Farming • Rooftop greenhouses • Sun Works: designs energy-efficient greenhouses • Hydroponic gardens • Skyscraper farms • Ecological advantages and disadvantages

43. China’s Vision for an Ecocity • 2008: Dongtan, China, ecocity, 30 milesfrom Shanghai. 80,000 people by 2020 • Carbon neutral city: use renewable resources for energy • Reduce the need for cars, or use electric- or hydrogen-powered cars-zero tail pipe emissions. Cars running on fossil fuels will have to be parked outside the city • Public transportation – electric light rail, pollution free, fuel cell buses

44. The Ecovillage Movement Is Growing • Ecovillage movement • Eco-hoods – 375 , half in Europe and half in North America • 1993: ecovillage in Los Angeles, CA, U.S. • What is making it work? • Other ecovillages Asheville NC, Ithaca NY • Success stories