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Anti-Nutritional Factors

Anti-Nutritional Factors. Outlines. Introduction Protease Inhibitors Haemagglutinins Glucosides Phenols Phytate. Outlines. Erucic Acid Argemone Oxalates Antiviatmins Non-starch Polysaccharides Gizzerosine. Introduction. A variety of anti-nutritional factors exist in the feed

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Anti-Nutritional Factors

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  1. Anti-Nutritional Factors

  2. Outlines • Introduction • Protease Inhibitors • Haemagglutinins • Glucosides • Phenols • Phytate

  3. Outlines • Erucic Acid • Argemone • Oxalates • Antiviatmins • Non-starch Polysaccharides • Gizzerosine

  4. Introduction • A variety of anti-nutritional factors exist in the feed • Natural • Mishandling • Arise during the normal growth of plant • Affect the digestion, absorption and metabolism of nutrients • Mostly destroyed during processing

  5. Protease Inhibitors • Impair protein digestion by reduced trypsin and chymotrypsin activity • Thermo-labile • Poor Growth • Urease test for protease inhibitor activity • Trypsin inhibitors • Present in many plants but in low levels • Legumes having protease inhibitors are • Soybean • Cowpeas

  6. Protease Inhibitors • Forms complex with trypsin • Alter normal regulatory process of exocrine pancreatic secretion • Pancreas produces more proteases (rich in methionine) • Endogenous loss of methionine leading to poor growth • Detoxification—Heat treatment

  7. Lectins (Haemagglutinins) • Binds with mannose (glycoproteins) of RBC—Agglutination • Lectins attach with intestinal epithelium causing death of intestinal epithelium cells by inactivating their ribosomes thus reduce nutrients absorption • Decrease in Protein Utilization and poor growth • Impairs Immune system

  8. Lectins (Haemagglutinins) • Detoxification • Cooking • Autoclaving • Soaking in water overnight • Ammoniation • Lactin in maize and barley are non toxic. Toxic lectins are in ricin(seeds of caster bean plant )

  9. Glucosides A- Saponins B- Cyanogens C- Glucosinolates D- Estrogen

  10. A- Saponins • Saponins are of two types 1-triterpene glycosides 2-steroidal glycosides • Guar, sunflower, soybeans and peanuts • Lower surface tension and forms stable foam with proteins and cholesterol

  11. Haemolysis • Change in cell permeability • Increased respiratory rate • Inhibits the activity of certain enzymes (chymotrypsin) • Low growth • Low egg production • Extraction with hot water or organic solvents

  12. B- Cyanogens • Linseed meal • Re-growth of sorghum fodder • On hydrolysis, it releases HCN which inactivates cytochrome oxidase system Detoxification • Closed steam distillation with HCl at 100C for 3 hours • Cooking followed by discarding of cooked water

  13. C- Glucosinolates • Rape and mustard seed • On hydrolysis, suppress the iodine uptake by the thyroid gland • Goiter • Poor Growth • Low egg production • Liver haemorrhages • Fatty liver

  14. Can be extracted with glucosinolates with hot water, dilute alkali or acetone • Decomposition of glucosinolates with iron salts of soda ash • Extraction of goitrogens with acetone or water steam • Limited use of rapeseed and mustard meal

  15. D-Estrogen • Soybean seeds • Poor growth • Increased zinc in liver and bone • Increased deposition of Ca, P and Mn in bones • Can be detoxified by dry or moist heat treatment or by solvent extraction

  16. Phenols • Gossypol • Tannins

  17. A- Gossypol • Cotton Seed meal • Free gossypol at more than 150 mg/Kg is toxic • Binds with Protein (lysine) • Layers—Olive green discoloration of the yolk • Chicks • Poor growth • Low feed intake • Ascities • Cardiac irregularity • Reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

  18. If more gossypol is present in the cotton seed meal, iron salt (1:4 ratio) can be used • Solid substrate fermentation with certain fungi (Aspergillus oryzae, A. Janus) • Its use in poultry is limited

  19. B- Tannin • Polyphenolic compounds • Sorghum, rapeseed meal and mustard meal • Binds with proteins • Inhibits enzymes (trypsin, amylase, lipase, etc.) in intestine • Retarded growth • Poor egg production

  20. Detoxification • Cold water processing • Boiled water processing • Treatment with dilute acid, alkali and salts • Organic solvent extraction • Autoclaving

  21. Phytate • Six phosphate molecules are bound in one phytic acid molecule • All vegetative feed ingredients • Calcium, magnesium salts of phytic acid is phytate • Mn and Zn are bounded to the phytate • Phosphorus present in the phytate is not available to the poultry—No phytase enzyme

  22. Results in increased requirement of phosphorus and other trace minerals • Microbial phytase enzyme supplementation hydrolzes P, Ca and other trace minerals One phytase unit (=FTU): The amount of enzyme needed for the release of 1 mol of inorganic phosphorus from the substrate in one minute at 37C and pH 5.5.

  23. Erucic Acid • Polyenoic fatty acid • Rape and mustard seed • Poor growth • Low feed Intake • Poor feed efficiency • Tolerance Level <0.06% in the diet • Solvent extraction removes the erucic acid • Limited use in poultry

  24. Argemone • Seeds from Argemonamaxicanaare high in oil. So are adulterated with rape and mustard seed meal • Rape and mustard seed meal • Swelling of legs • Diarrhea • Atrophy of optic nerve • Edema

  25. Detoxification: Heating at 240 C for 15 minutes • Avoid aregemone containing rape and mustard seed meal • Argemone is an aultrenat, not an anti-nutritient

  26. Nitrates and Nitrites • Accumulation of nitrates from soil to crops. Nitrates get converted to nitrites • It converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin • Not a noticeable problem

  27. Oxalates 1. Soluble oxalates (sodium and potassium oxalates) 2. Insoluble oxalates (calcium and magnesium oxalates) • Poor growth • Decreased serum calcium • Rickets Not a noticeable problem

  28. Anti-vitamins • Anti-vitamin A • Anti-vitamin D • Anti-vitamin E • Anti-vitamin K • Anti-vitamin B6

  29. Anti-vitamin A • Lipoxyegenase in soybean seeds Oxidation of carotene (precursor of vitamin A) thus leads to the destruction of carotene

  30. Anti-vitamin D • Soybean seeds • Results in increased requirement of Vitamin D • Heat Treatment

  31. Anti-Vitamin E • Kidney bean • Results in increased requirements of vitamin E • Autoclaving • Kidney beans are not used in poultry

  32. Anti-vitamin K • Dicumarol in Sweet clover • Results in the decreased utilization of Vitamin K • Sweet clover—Not used in poultry

  33. Anti-vitamin B6 • Linatine • Linseed meal • Reduced utilization of pyridoxine • Detoxification • Extraction of linseed meal with water • Autoclaving • Not much used in poultry. If used, supplemented with B6

  34. Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) • Cereal grains and vegetable protein source • Cereals have a proportion of their energy in the form of NSPs—fiber • Enzymes break down these NSPs, which lead in increase of ME and protein utilization • Soluble NSP—high viscosity in the small intestine as the broilers do not produce these endogenous NSP digesting enzymes Cont….

  35. Cellulase–produced fungi, bacteria and protozoans that catalyze hydrolysis of cellulose • Amylase—breaks starch into simple sugars • Xylanase—degrade linear polysaccharide β-1,4-xylan into xylose, thus breaking down hemicellulose • β-glucanase—catalyzesα-Glucosan into glucose • Protease—proteolysisby hydrolysis of the peptide bonds. Proteases work best in acidic conditions except alkaline proteases. Its optimal activity is shown in alkaline pH Cont….

  36. Pectinase—degrade pectin • Phytases—target phytate complexes in plant-derived ingredients and releases P from phytic acid

  37. Gizzerosine • It is formed by amino group of lysine with histidine/ histamine during heat processing of fish meal • Causes black vomit as the contents of esophagus and crop of broiler chicken turn black due to presence of acid-digested blood from the gizzard • Causes erosions and ulcerations of the gizzard lead to the extensive bleeding and ultimately death in hours

  38. Mycotoxins • A diverse family of chemical substances produced by moulds • Toxic to poultry and livestock • Each mycotoxin is chemically distinct and has unique effect upon the animal / bird ingesting the mycotoxin, causing unique signs and lesions

  39. Conditions Favoring Fungus Production • Temperature 25oC plus • Relative Humidity 60 % plus • Grain moisture 13 % plus • Improper fertilization of crop • Delayed harvest time • Sub-standard storage conditions • Presence of insects

  40. Aflatoxin • Ground nut poisoning / Turkey D- disease • Deleterious • Interacts with low dietary protein and fat, vitamin deficiencies, temperature extremes and infectious agents • B1, B2, G1, G2 • Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus

  41. Condition of synthesis • Temp: 27-30oC Moisture > 18% • Occurrence • Maize, soya, rice polishing, sorghum, CSM, SFM Mode of Action •  RNA synthesis, Hepatoxicity, Carcinogenesis

  42. Symptoms of Aflatoxicoses • Acute • Liver damage, Hemorrhage (hematoma, capillary damage), Ataxia (nervous syndrome), death • Chronic • Decreased performance, poor embryo development, imuno-suppression, carcinogenesis.

  43. Detoxification • Chemical Inactivation • Alkali treatment, Adsorption • Physical Inactivation • Blending, irradiation, heating • Biological Inactivation • Certain spp. of fungi, yeast & bacteria

  44. Prevention • Non-contaminated mixed feeds • Raw materials and mixed feeds (moisture = 9-12.5%) • First in first out • Temperature < 20ć • Blow dry air through the raw materials in the silo • Hygiene and cleaning • Fumigation systems against insects, mites, rodents • Mould inhibitors • Treatments of the mix factory equipment with a mould inhibitor

  45. THANKS

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