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Review for EUH3931

Review for EUH3931. From late 19 th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath). J.A. Grenville, A History of the World :- Chapter 1. (Especially sections relating to European powers) Chapter 2. Chapter 3. Overfield, Sources of Global … Chapters 1-3. Internet (Wikipedia…).

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Review for EUH3931

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  1. Review for EUH3931 From late 19th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

  2. J.A. Grenville, A History of the World:- Chapter 1. (Especially sections relating to European powers) Chapter 2. Chapter 3. • Overfield, Sources of Global …Chapters 1-3. • Internet (Wikipedia…) Readings:

  3. Positivism – Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer Liberalism – Modern nation-states Conservatism – Edmund Burke, Benjamin Disraeli, Joseph de Maistre Marxism – Karl Marx/F. Engels, K. Kautsky, R. Luxemburg, V.I. Lenin Socialism – E. Bernstein, A. Bebel Anarchism – M. Bakunin, P. Kropotkin Intellectual/Cultural themes of the 19th century:

  4. Social Darwinism – H. Spencer, T.H. Huxley, A. Gobineau Nationalism – Nation-States, Militant forms in late 19th century tied to imperialism/jingoism Imperialism: Africa and Asia (Germany, France, Gt. Britain, Belgium, Italy) 19th Century Background

  5. Why were Europeans in favor of imperialism? • Commerce, Civilization, Christianity • Major imperial powers (Gt. Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan) • Imperialism of Russia and Austria-Hungary Age of Imperialism, 1880-1914

  6. United States (Industrialization and Growth, Major wars/treaties, Imperialism) • Japan – Modernization (Meiji restoration), Open door to west after 1868. Imperialism in Asia (Korea, China, etc.) • China – Isolationism during Manchu or Quing dynasty, Imperial intervention in 19th century, conflicts with outsiders (Japan in 1895 and Boxer Rebellion in 1900). World Outside of Europe

  7. How do we account for Japan's imperialistic actions between 1894 and 1905? The following points help to explain this phenomenon: • Japan's deep concerns for national security, • Its emulation of the imperialistic behaviors of Western powers, and • Japanese national ideals and personal characteristics. Nationalism and Imperialism in Japan

  8. Japan forcefully acquired three major foreign territories between 1894 and 1910: • Taiwan in 1895 after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-5 • Korea as a protectorate in 1905 after the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5, then as a colony when unilaterally annexed by Japan in 1910 • Kwantung Leased Territories in 1905 in southern Manchuria when Japan succeeded to Russia's leases after the Russo-Japanese War. Early stages of modern Japanese imperialism

  9. China in Search of Unity, 1900-1911 Modern China

  10. Rule of Ch’ing/ Manchu Dynasty, 1648-1911) • Impact of the West and Japan (traditional China vs. modern China) • 1895 – War with Japan (Korea) • 1900 – Boxer Rebellion • 1911 – Sun Yat-sen overthrows Ch’ing rulers and establishes a republic. • 1912 – Kuomintang formed. China in 20th century

  11. Great Powers and their relative position to one another: Germany, Italy, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. • Alliances of Great Powers: Dual Alliance(1894), Triple Alliance (1879,1882), Entente Cordiale (1904,1907). Background to WWI

  12. Causes of WWI: Diplomatic ties; militant nationalism; imperial tensions (Morocco 1905, 1911, Bosnia, 1908, Balkan Wars, 1912-1913). • Outbreak of war? Assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June, 1914. Austria challenges Serbia with an ultimatum and then declares war. • Schlieffen Plan, 1905 (Role in starting war?_) How war came…

  13. First World War, 1914-1918 • How did war start? • What was war about? • What kind of war was it? (Stalemate/trench warfare, Total War, etc.) • Role of propaganda • Role of Home Front

  14. First World War • What were the major turning points of the war: • 1914 – Battle of Marne • 1915 -- Unrestricted submarine warfare, Gallipoli • 1916 -- Verdun, Somme • 1917 -- Russia leaves the war US joins it.

  15. End of War • 1918 – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, German Spring offensive. • Who won the war? Why did they win? • Expectations of victors? Punish Germany, establish a “new” Europe based on Wilson’s 14 points (issued in January, 1918).

  16. Russian Revolutions, 1917 • Russia during WWI and in the post-war era: • Political/Social Background: • Types of political parties on the left: Marxists (Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, SRs, Anarchists)

  17. Russian Revolutions, 1917- • Russian Revolution of March, 1917 – Provisional Government est., Soviets share power with new PG. • October, 1917 – Storming of the Winter Palace, beginning of Bolshevik-led revolution • Revolution and Civil War, 1918-1921 • Opposing sides: Reds (Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, SRs, Anarchists) vs. Whites (monarchists, military, liberals, traditionalists)

  18. Reasons for Bolshevik victory? • Party organization – “What is to be done?” • Cheka – created 1917 • Propaganda (Agit-prop) -- Posters, lectures, etc. • Revolutionary Utopia: Winning over the people: ending the war, promising a new world… • Leadership (Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin). • Red Army -- Trotsky

  19. End of European empires: Russian, German, Ottoman, Austrian-Hungarian • Great Power system shattered Fate of Great Power system

  20. Significance of Paris Peace Conference, 1919-1920 (winners and losers, League of Nations, treaties, etc.) • New Europe? What did it look like? What had changed? (Borders, new countries, new political systems, continuation of “old” politics…) Aftermath of war, 1919-

  21. Liberalism in the “New Europe” after 1919 • Communism (Russian Revolution/Civil War, 1917-1921) • Fascism (1919-) – Italy, Germany, Portugal, etc. • Authoritarianism – Poland, Hungary, etc. Models for rule/economics

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