Exploration & Colonial America

1. Exploration & Colonial America American History I - Unit 1 Ms. Brown

2. Review • Who were the Puritans (Pilgrims) and why did they come to North America? • Christians who wanted to eliminate all traces of Catholicism in the Anglican Church • Came to North America to escape religious persecution • What was the Mayflower Compact and what is its significance (importance)? • Set of agreed upon rules that governed the Pilgrims in Plymouth • Importance – landmark document in American democratic history • What did Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson have in common? • Both left the Puritans because they disagreed with the Puritan way of life • Williams – wanted religious tolerance • Hutchinson – wanted more independence in interpreting the Bible

3. 1.4 – The 13 Colonies Emerge

4. So far… • New England Settlements • Plymouth (1620) • Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630) • Providence (1636) • Portsmouth (1638) • Southern Settlements • Jamestown (1607)

5. Dutch Settlements • 1609 – Henry Hudson (funded by Dutch) explored the Hudson River area • People from the Netherlands (aka Holland) are called Dutch. • 1621 – New Netherland established • 1625 - New Amsterdam as capital • Encouraged Germans, French, Scandinavians, and Africans (some free) to settle • Friendly relations with natives - more interested in trading furs than taking land

6. English Takeover • New Netherland = wedge between English colonies • 1664 – King Charles sent his brother James the Duke of York (later King James II) to take the area • Dutch outnumbered and quickly surrendered • Renamed it New York • Gave a portion to 2 friends and named it New Jersey

7. Quakers • Quakers – a Christian group devoted to peaceful principles; believe in an “Inner Light,” or sense of Christ's direct working in the soul. • No formal ministers, congregation speaks when spiritually inclined, dressed plainly • Pacifists - firm opposition to violence/war, refusal to serve in military/militia • Not tolerated by Anglicans in England or Puritans in New England

8. Pennsylvania • 1681 - William Penn (devout Quaker) received a charter to establish a settlement west of New York  Pennsylvania • Guaranteed every man 50 acres of land and voting rights • Developed a representative assembly • Religious freedom • Philadelphia – capital; “City of Brotherly Love” • Penn set up another southern settlement – Delaware • Semi-independent, had same governor as PA

9. Quakers and Natives • Quakers are pacifists(a person who believes in peace above conflict)  did not want conflict with Natives • 50 years of peace between PA and natives “Now I would have you well observe, that I am very sensible of the unkindness and injustice that has been too much exercised towards you by the people of these parts of the world, who have sought… to make great advances by you, … sometimes to the shedding of blood… but I am not such a man… I have great love and refard toward you, and I desire to win and gain your love and friendship by a kind, just, and peaceable life.” – letter from William Penn to the Lenni Lenapi people

10. Pennsylvania Thrives and Changes • Religious freedom and tolerance of diversity in Pennsylvania attracted people from all over Europe • By 1700, Quakers were the minority in PA and slavery was introduced but underlying Quaker principles existed

11. Maryland • 1632 – King Charles granted a charter for land north of the Chesapeake Bay to George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore  Maryland • Named after King Charles’ wife, Queen Henrietta Maria • Practiced religious freedom

12. The Southern Colonies • 1663 – charters granted for settlement south of VA and above Spanish territory  North and South Carolina • 1732 – James Oglethorpe received a charter to establish a colony for debtors  Georgia (after King George II) • Outlawed drinking and slavery

13. New England Colonies • Massachusetts (MA, includes modern-day Maine) • New Hampshire (NH) • Rhode Island (RI) • Connecticut (CT) • Middle Colonies • New York (NY) • Pennsylvania (PA) • New Jersey (NJ) • Delaware (DE) • Southern Colonies • Maryland (MD) • Virginia (VA) • North Carolina (NC) • South Carolina (SC) • Georgia (GA)

14. 13 Colonies Map • Using your notes and page 67 in book, label the 13 colonies on your map. • Color code the different regions • On the back, fill in the chart. • CW grade for completion! Then add this page to your notes.

15. New England Colonies – Impact of Geography Disadvantages Forests provide lumber for shipbuilding Many rivers provide easy transportation for trade Location along Atlantic Ocean provides: Harbors (Boston, Portsmouth, Providence) Lucrative fishing & whaling industry Easy transportation for trade Advantages • Agriculture was limited • Rocky and sandy soil are not good for growing • Cold climate = short growing season

16. New England Colonies – Impact of Geography • Occupations in New England Colonies • Mostly merchants • Men who make money off of trade • Few farmers were able to truly succeed here • Problems emerged for these merchants due to English restrictions on trade.

17. Middle Colonies - Impact of Geography Disadvantages Agriculture: LOTS of fertile land Favorable climate conditions allowed for longer growing seasons High yield of crops meant that a surplus was exported to other colonies and England Rivers provide: Easy transport of goods Location on coast provides: Great harbors to trade from (New York, Philadelphia) Advantages • None really to speak of

18. Southern Colonies – Impact of Geography Disadvantages Agriculture: Fertile soil Warm climate was perfect for growing: Indigo (blue coloring) Rice Tobacco Plantation lifestyle Forests provide lumber for ship building industry Advantages • Hot, humid climate could create health problems (ex: malaria)

19. Growth of Slavery • Industries need laborers • Indentured servants  not enough • African slaves - 1619 • Slavery – a system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people. • Used mostly in South on the plantations • By 1750  400,000 African slaves in the colonies (3/4 of them in the South)

20. Triangular Trade • Three way trading system in which: • Americas Europe • Sugar • Tobacco • Cotton • Europe  Africa • Textiles • Rum • Manufactured goods (guns) • Africa  Americas • Slaves

21. Middle Passage • Voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to North America, many Africans died during the journey • Africa  Americas leg of the Triangular Trade • 20% of Africans died on each journey • Branded with hot irons • Packed into dark cargo areas of large ships • Whippings, beatings • Diseases • Unsanitary – vomit and waste

22. Colonial Population • Population boomed • 1700 - 250,000 • 1770 – 2,150,000 (8x increase) • A diverse population • English • Scotish • Irish • Dutch, Swedish, French, German, and Swiss

23. Social Classes In the Colonies • The Aristocracy • Wealthy planters and merchants • Clergymen, lawyers • The Middle Class • Small farmers • Skilled workers • The Lower Class • Indentured servants • Slaves • Social mobility (moving between classes) possible, except for slaves.

24. New Ideas Sweep Colonies • Enlightenment - Movement in the 1700s that stressed intellectual thinking with using reason and the scientific method to gain knowledge • Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson • Natural rights as humans which gov’ts must respect • Eventually lead colonists to question British authority

25. Great Awakening • Religious revival in the American colonies of the mid 1700s during which a number of new Protestant churches were established • Backlash reaction to Enlightenment and materialism • Led by Jonathan Edwards

26. Great Awakening • Brought more colonists into organized Christianity • Puritan • Anglican • Methodist • Baptist • Increased interest in higher education • Princeton, Brown, Columbia, Dartmouth  universities to train ministers