States of Matter

1. States of Matter

2. 4 States -states(or phases) of matter are the physical forms in which a substance can exist EX. Water: solid(ice), liquid(water) or gas(vapor) -matter exists in 4 familiar states: solid, liquid, gas, plasma -state of a substance depends on A. the motion of its particles (atoms & molecules) B. how strongly they are attracted to one another -called Brownian motion Particle Models of Solid, Liquid, & Gas

3. Solids -solid : the state in which matter has definite shape and volume -particles held tightly in place and vibrate -do not move fast enough to overcome the force of attraction between them -two basic types of solids: Crystalline - orderly, 3-D arrangement of atoms or molecules (repeating pattern of rows) EX: iron, diamond, ice, salt Amorphous- atoms or molecules are in no particular order (no organized pattern) EX: rubber, wax, glass, cotton candy

4. Liquids -liquid : the state in which matter takes the shape of its container and has definite volume -particles slide past one another -move fast enough to overcome some of the attraction between them -particles are already close together, so it is hard to push them closer -ideal for hydraulic systems like the brakes on a car -surface tension & viscosity are two more important properties of liquids

5. Surface Tension -the force acting on the particles at the surface of a liquid -causes the liquid to form spherical drops -different for different liquids EX: isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol has a lower surface tension than water, but mercury has a higher surface tension than water A water strider using surface tension to "stand" on the water's surface Water beading on a leaf Surface tension keeps the coin afloat in the glass of water

6. Viscosity -viscosity: a liquid's resistance to flow -stronger attraction between the particles = higher viscosity EX: honey & water - honey flows much more slowly than water because it has higher viscosity Motor oils have a fairly high viscosity so they don't break down under the heat and friction generated by the moving parts of an engine. Honey can be drizzled over the biscuit because it has a moderate viscosity.

7. Gases -gas : the state in which matter changes in both shape and volume -particles move independently of one another -move fast enough to overcome almost all of the attraction between them -change shape and volume to fit their container -larger number of gas particles in a container = more particles collide with each other and with the inside of the container -result is increased pressure (the amount of force exerted on a given area)

8. Behavior of Gases -gases do change volume to fit their container, but pressure and temperature affect the volume of gases -2 laws describe the behavior of gases with respect to pressure and temperature: Boyle's Law & Charles's Law

9. Boyle's Law(pressure) -states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume of the gas increases as pressure decreases and volume decreases as pressure Increases -meaning: pressure goes up, volume goes down pressure goes down, volume goes up

10. Charles's Law(temperature) -states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of the gas increases as temperature increases and volume decreases as temperature decreases -meaning: temperature goes up, pressure goes up temperature goes down, pressure goes down

11. Plasmas -plasma: the state of matter that does not have definite shape or volume and in which particles have broken apart -estimated that 99% of known matter in the universe (mainly stars) is made of plasma -plasma occurs when particles become highly excited or ionized -conduct electric current and can be contained by electric and magnetic fields -EX: Natural plasmas - lightning, fire, auroras Artificial plasmas - fluorescent lights, plasma tv’s, plasma balls

13. This diagram compares the 4 states of matter we discussed. See what Tim & Moby have to say about matter Increasing Energy