HNRS 353 010 w/ Dr. H. Geller Physical Origins

1. HNRS 353 010w/ Dr. H. GellerPhysical Origins

2. The Phase Diagram

3. Question • What is the name of the phase change from liquid to gas? • A Vaporization • B Condensation • C Deposition • D Sublimation • E None of the above

4. Question • What is the name of the phase change from solid to gas? • A Vaporization • B Condensation • C Deposition • D Sublimation • E None of the above

5. Question • What is the name of the phase change from gas to liquid? • A Vaporization • B Condensation • C Deposition • D Sublimation • E None of the above

6. Question • What is the name of the phase change from gas to solid? • A Vaporization • B Condensation • C Deposition • D Sublimation • E None of the above

7. Question • What is the name of the phase change from liquid to solid? • A Vaporization • B Condensation • C Deposition • D Sublimation • E None of the above

8. Recall Unique Properties of WaterDensity vs. Temperature

9. Question • The density of liquid water is greater than the density of solid water (ice). • A True • B False

10. Question • There is always more to an iceberg beneath the water’s surface than above the water’s surface • A because liquid water is less dense than ice • B because liquid water is more dense than ice • C because ice is more dense than liquid water • D because water and ice are two different molecules • E This is a false statement because there’s always more of an iceberg above the surface than beneath the surface

11. Overview of Chapter 1 • 1.1 The Possibility of Life Beyond Earth • Some discussion in 1st meeting • What life are scientists searching for? • Is it reasonable to expect life elsewhere in the universe? • 1.2 The Scientific Context of the Search • Usefulness of astronomy in search for life • Utility of planetary science in search for life • Earth’s biology and its usefulness for search for life • 1.3 Places to Search • Where should we search? • In our solar system • In our galaxy

12. Question • An extrasolar planet (aka exoplanet) is • A a planet that is larger than our Sun • B a planet that orbits a star other than our Sun • C a planet located in another galaxy

13. Question • A habitable planet is • A a planet that has oceans like the Earth • B a planet that has life of some kind • C a planet that may or may not have life, but that has environmental conditions under which it seems that life could arise or survive

14. Question • By a geocentric view of the universe, we mean • A the idea that Earth resides at the center of the universe • B the idea that Earth is the only planet with life in the universe • C a view of the universe shaped by current understanding of geological science

15. Question • According to current scientific understanding, life on Earth • A was exceedingly improbable • B arose quite soon after conditions allowed it • C may have been inevitable, but took billions of years to arrive

16. Question • The correct order of the eight official planets in our Solar System, from closest to farthest from the Sun is • A Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune, Uranus • B Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Uranus, Saturn, Neptune • C Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

17. Question • Today, the research known as SETI is conducted primarily by • A scanning the skies for signals from alien civilizations • B sending spacecraft to the planets • C using telescope to observe extrasolar planets

18. Question • If we sent one of our current spacecraft to a nearby star (besides the Sun), the trip would take about • A 10 years • B 100 years • C 1000 years • D 10,000 years • D 100,000 years

19. Question • Scientists today are interested in searching for life on Mars because • A we see clear evidence of a past civilization on Mars. • B Mars contains frozen water ice at its polar caps. • C evidence suggests that Mars had liquid water on its surface in the distant past.

20. Question • Based on current evidence, the object in our Solar System most likely to have a deep, subsurface ocean of liquid water is • A Mars • B Titan • C Venus • D Europa • E Io

21. Question • Based on the way scientists view the study of astrobiology, failure to find life on any other world would mean • A the whole subject has been a waste of time. • B we must have done something wrong, since life has to exist beyond Earth • C we have learned important lessons about the conditions that made life on Earth possible

22. Overview of Chapter 1 • 1.4 The New Science of Astrobiology • New, are you kidding? • Bio-astronomy, exobiology • Even Galileo and Kepler considered where else in our solar system we might find life • IAU conference on bioastronomy in 1959! • Astrobiology according to Geller • ODDS • origins • development • distribution • search

23. Discussion Questions • Question #1: • A) Can life exist in places that never receive sunlight? • If Yes » What types of life forms could exist? • If No » Cite the physical reasons why life cannot exist without sunlight. • B) What elements are the most important for the existence of life? Explain your reasoning.

24. Discussion Questions • Question #2: • A) Consider the following statement: • "For a life form to exist, liquid water must be present in the local environment in at least small amounts or for short time periods." • Do you agree or disagree with this statement. • If You Agree » Explain why liquid water is necessary. • If You Disagree » What type of life could exist and what would the environment be like? • B) We know that there are 8 major planets orbiting the Sun in our solar system. Would you expect there to be other planets orbiting other stars outside our solar system? Explain why or why not.

25. Discussion Questions • Question #3: • A) Can any forms of life exist in environments with temperatures much greater than 100°C (the boiling point of water) or much less than 0°C (the freezing point of water)? • If Yes » What types of life forms could exist at either of these temperatures? State the form of life and the corresponding temperature. • If No » Cite the physical reasons why life cannot exist at either of these temperatures. • B) Which of the following elements must be present for life to exist. Explain your reasoning for each choice. (consider hydrogen, potassium, zinc, oxygen, calcium, uranium, magnesium, sulfur, carbon, nitrogen, iron, and sodium)

26. Discussion Questions • Question #4: • A) Describe an environment on Earth that would not allow any form of life to exist. Cite specific examples and explain why these environments cannot support life. • B) Do scientists have evidence that indicates whether life exists anywhere other than Earth? Explain your reasoning.

27. For Next Meeting • Read Chapter 2 in textbook • In general you should be reading ahead for the upcoming classes