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Physics at the High Energy Frontier

Physics at the High Energy Frontier. J. Hewett PANIC 2005. What is the world made of? What holds the world together? Where did we come from?. Primitive Thinker. Courtesy: Y.K. Kim.

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Physics at the High Energy Frontier

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  1. Physics at the High Energy Frontier J. Hewett PANIC 2005

  2. What is the world made of? What holds the world together? Where did we come from? Primitive Thinker Courtesy: Y.K. Kim

  3. Are there undiscovered principles of • nature: New symmetries, new physical laws? • 2. How can we solve the mystery of dark • energy? • 3. Are there extra dimensions of space? • 4. Do all the forces become one? • 5. Why are there so many kinds of particles? • 6. What is dark matter? • How can we make it in the laboratory? • 7. What are neutrinos telling us? • 8. How did the universe come to be? • 9. What happened to the antimatter? Evolved Thinker From “Quantum Universe” Courtesy: Y.K. Kim

  4. Collider Tools which Answer these Questions: • Broad energy reach • Large event rate LHC: ILC: proton proton • Knowledge of initial • quantum state • Well-defined initial • energy and angular • momentum (polarization) • Clean environment • Can vary CoM e- e+

  5. The LHC is Becoming a Reality! The excitement is building - we are counting down the days….

  6. Major Discoveries are Expected! - A. De Roeck, Snowmass 2005

  7. Much Progress on the ILC in the Last Year: • Superconducting rf Technology chosen • Global Design Effort Launched! Barry Barrish is Director of the GDE + 3 Regional Directors + 45 Team Members and counting… Baseline Configuration being Defined now…

  8. Barrish, Snowmass 05

  9. Barrish, Snowmass 05

  10. Particles Tell Stories: Discovery of a new particle is the opening chapter of a story. These particles are merely themessengers which reveala profoundstory about the nature of matter, energy, space, andtime. • Learning the full story involves: • Discovery of a new particle • Discovery of the theory behind the newparticle It is up to us to find the new particles and to listen to their stories

  11. Particles Tell Stories: Discovery of a new particle is the opening chapter of a story. These particles are merely themessengers which reveala profoundstory about the nature of matter, energy, space, andtime. • Learning the full story involves: • Discovery of a new particle • Discovery of the theory behind the newparticle It is up to us to find the new particles and to listen to their stories Measurements at the ILC, together with results from the LHC, willidentify the full nature of the physics at the TeV scale and reveal its full story

  12. HEPAP LHC/ILC Subpanel Report(s): • 43 page semi-technical version, submitted to EPP2010 panel in late July • http://www.science.doe.gov/hep/LHC-ILC-Subpanel-EPP2010.pdf • 35 page non-technical version, in press. • The report emphasizes: • the synergy between the LHC and • ILC • differences in how measurements • are made at ILC and LHC • unique physics to ILC

  13. The Authors:

  14. The report centers on 3 physics themes: • Mysteries of the Terascale: Solving the mysteries of matter at the Terascale • Light on Dark Matter: Determining what Dark Matter particles can be produced in the laboratory and discovering their identity • Einstein’s Telescope: Connecting the laws of the large to the laws of the small Now for some highlights of physics unique to the ILC

  15. Higgs at the Terascale • An important Higgs production process is • e+e- Z + Higgs • There are many possible final states, depending on how the Z and Higgs decay Recoil Technique: • In e+e-  Z + Anything • ‘Anything’ corresponds to a system • recoiling against the Z • The mass of this system is determined • solely by kinematics and conservation • of energy • because we see everything else, we • know what is escaping Peak in Recoil Mass corresponds to 120 GeV Higgs!

  16. ILC Simulation for e+e- Z + Higgs with Z  2 b-quarks and Higgs  invisible N. Graf

  17. Recoil technique gives precise determination of Higgsproperties Independentof its decay mode Provides accurate, direct, and Model Independent measurements of the Higgs couplings • The strength ofthe Higgs couplings to fermions • and bosons is given by the mass of the particle • Within the Standard Model this is a direct • proportionality f ~ mf Higgs - f This is a crucial test of whether a particle’s mass is generated by the Higgs boson!

  18. ILC will have unique ability to make model independent tests of Higgs couplings at the percent level of accuracy. mh = 120 GeV Size of measurement errors

  19. Higgs is Different! First fundamental scalar to be discovered: could be related to many things, even dark energy Possible deviations in models with Extra Dimensions This is the right sensitivity to discover extra dimensions, new sources of CP violation, or other novel phenomena Mass (GeV) mh = 120 GeV Coupling strength to Higgs boson

  20. Supersymmetry at the Terascale - ILC Studies superpartners individually via e+e- SS • Determines • Quantum numbers (spin!) • Supersymmetric relation • of couplings ~   ~ = e = 2e Selectron pair production M1 (GeV) 2% accuracy in determination of Supersymmetric coupling strength Ratio of Coupling Stregths Proof that it IS Supersymmetry!

  21. Precise Mass Measurements of Superpartners ~ ~ Fixed center of mass energy gives flat energy distribution in the laboratory for final state e- Example: e  e +  Endpoints can be used to determine superpartner masses to part-per-mil accuracy e A realistic simulation: Determines Superpartner masses of the electron and photon to 0.05%!

  22. A complicated Table with lots of details that illustrates how ILC results improve upon Superpartner mass measurements at the LHC Shows accuracy of mass determinations at LHC and ILC alone and combined

  23. Einstein’s Telescope to Unification Accurate superpartner mass determinationsnecessary for unification tests Evolution of superpartner masses to high scale: Force unification Matter Unification

  24. Extra Dimensions at the Terascale • Kaluza-Klein modes in a detector Number of Events in e+e- +- For a conventional braneworld model with a single curved extra dimension of size ~ 10-17 cm Standard Model Z-boson 108 1st KK mode 2nd KK mode 3rd KK mode 106 104 108 106 For this same model embedded in a string theory 104

  25. Detailed measurements of the properties of KK modes can determine: • That we really have discovered additional • spatial dimensions • Size of the extra dimensions • Number of extra dimensions • Shape of the extra dimensions • Which particles feel the extra dimensions • If the branes in the Braneworld have • fixed tension • Underlying geometry of the extra • dimensional space

  26. Example: Production of Graviton Kaluza-Klein modes in flat extra dimensions, probes gravity at distances of ~ 10-18 cm Production rate for e+e-  + Graviton with Size of Measurement error 7 Extra Dimensions 6 106 5 4 Measurement possible due to well-defined initial state & energy plus clean environment 105 3 2 104

  27. Where particles live in extra dimensions Polarized Bhabha Scattering Location of eR in an extra dimension Determines location of left- and right-handed electron in extra dimension of size 4 TeV-1 Location of eL in an extra dimension

  28. Telescope to Very High Energy Scales ILC can probe presence of Heavy Objects with Mass > Center of Mass Energy in e+e  ff - ‘X’ • Many tools to detect existence of heavy object ‘X’: • Deviations in production rates • Deviations in production properties such as • distribution of angle from beam-line • Deviations in distributions of angular momentum • For all types of final state fermions!  Indirect search for New Physics

  29. Example: New Heavy Z-like Boson from Unification Theories Collider Sensitivity Various Unification Models 95% (=2) direct discovery at LHC For ILC Sensitivity: Solid = 5 = standard discovery criteria Dashed = 2 ILC can probe masses many times the machine energy! Mass of Z-like Boson (TeV)

  30. 95% contours for Z’ couplings to leptons at ILC Drell-Yan distribution at LHC Mass of muon pair (TeV) Axial Coupling SO(10): origin of  mass Number of Events in pp  +- E6: unified Higgs Vector Coupling Kaluza-Klein Z’ LHC determines mass ILC determines interactions

  31. Light on Dark Matter • Dark Matter comprises 23% of the universe • No reason to think Dark Matter should be simpler • than the visible universe  likely to have many • different components • Dream: Identify one or components and study it in • the laboratory

  32. One Possibility: Dark Matter in Supersymmetry • A component of Dark Matter could be the Lightest • Neutralino of Supersymmetry • - stable and neutral with mass ~ 0.1 – 1 TeV • In this case, electroweak strength annihilation gives • relic density of m2 ΩCDM h2 ~ (1 TeV)2

  33. Comparative precision of ILCmeasurements (within SUSY) ILC and direct detection ILC and Astro measurements

  34. The more discoveries that are made at the LHC, the greater the discovery potential at the ILC

  35. The more discoveries that are made at the LHC, the greater the discovery potential at the ILC When the LHC makes its discoveries, let’s be ready to start construction on the ILC!

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