Chapter 5 Section 3 & 4:

1. Chapter 5 Section 3 & 4: The Protestant Reformation & The Spread of Protestantism

2. Section 3: The Protestant Reformation • Renaissance values of humanism & secularism led to criticism of the Catholic Church’s extravagance • In Germany, the movement for church reform led to a split in the Church (a new form of Christianity – Protestantism) Martin Luther (1483 – 1546) • German monk, taught at University of Wittenberg • believed that a person could be saved simply by faith in God’s mercy & love (this idea became know as justification by faith) • Luther’s beliefs brought him into conflict w/ the Catholic Church • At the same time Pope Leo X was raising money by selling church positions & indulgences • indulgences – certificates issued by the Church that reduced or canceled punishments for a person’s sins

3. Luther began preaching against the sell of indulgences & other practices that he considered corrupt • Oct. 31, 1517 - Luther nailed his “Ninety-Five Theses” to the door of the Wittenberg church • theses - arguments arranged to support a particular view • Many Germans agreed w/ Luther & broke from the Church’s influence • 1520 - a papal bull was issued against Luther, ordering him to take back what he had written • papal bull - serious decree issued by the pope marked by his seal or “bulla” • 1521 - Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther from the Church • Later that year, the Edict of Worms was issued, making Luther an outlaw in the Holy Roman Empire • Luther laid the foundation of the 1st Protestant faith: Lutheranism

4. Section 4: The Spread of Protestantism • As the Protestant Reformation swept through Europe, some countries took to Luther’s ideas and others still supported the Catholic Church Switzerland John Calvin (1509 – 1564) • French theology student • fled to Switzerland to escape religious persecution • Calvinists rejected all rituals of the Catholic church • Calvin ruled in Switzerland, leader of a theocracy • theocracy – government led by a church • Under Calvin’s rule, luxury & games were seen as sinful • “Idle hands are the Devil’s playthings.” • Calvinists were called Huguenots in France & Puritans in England

5. England • Quarrels between the pope & King Henry VIII started the Reformation in England. • 1527 - Henry VIII wanted a divorce & the pope would not grant it • 1534 - Church of England (Anglican Church) was established • Anglicans had the same beliefs as Catholics, but the king of England was the head of the church, not the pope • Henry’s son, Edward IV died in his teens & his sister Mary took over rule of England • Mary became queen & tried to restore Catholicism, burning hundreds of Protestants at the stake • earned her the nickname “Bloody Mary” • 1558 – Mary died & her half sister, Elizabeth I, became queen • Elizabeth made the Anglican Church protestant w/ some Catholic features, distancing its relationship to the old Church of Rome.