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Understanding Systems through Examples and Concepts

Learn about systems, components, interactions, positive and negative couplings, feedback loops, equilibria, and explore Daisyworld climate system as an illustrative example. Dive into how perturbations affect equilibrium states and study the dynamics of systems.

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Understanding Systems through Examples and Concepts

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  1. Chapter 2 Introduction to Systems /Daisyworld

  2. What is a System? • Definition: A system is a group of different components that interact with each other • Example: The climate system includes the atmosphere, oceans, polar caps, clouds, vegetation…and lots of other things

  3. How do we study systems? • Identify the components • Determine the nature of the • interactions between components

  4. Systems Notation = system component = positive coupling = negative coupling

  5. Positive Coupling Atmospheric CO2 Greenhouse effect • An increase in atmospheric CO2 causes • a corresponding increase in the greenhouse • effect, and thus in Earth’s surface temperature • Conversely, a decrease in atmospheric CO2 • causes a decrease in the greenhouse effect

  6. Negative Coupling Earth’s albedo (reflectivity) Earth’s surface temperature • An increase in Earth’s albedo causes a • corresponding decrease in the Earth’s surface • temperature by reflecting more sunlight back to • space • Or, a decrease in albedo causes an increase in • surface temperature

  7. The interesting thing to do is to put couplings together in feedback loops Your text gives several examples, including a harmonious/non-harmonius family and the Carter family’s mixed-up electric blankets I will skip those and move on to Daisy- world. But first, consider stable and unstable equilibria

  8. An Unstable Equilibrium State

  9. An Unstable Equilibrium State Perturbation

  10. When pushed by a perturbation, an unstable equilibrium state shifts to a new, stable state.

  11. A Stable Equilibrium State

  12. A Stable Equilibrium State Perturbation

  13. When pushed by a perturbation, a stable equilibrium state, returns to (or near) the original state.

  14. Daisy World

  15. A simplified climate system: • Daisy World • Average Temperature = 30 oC • No clouds, no ocean • Soil = light gray (absorbs some light) • Life = white daisies (reflects all light) • Sun = like Earth’s • Daisy growth = changes with temperature

  16. White Daisy Response to Increasing Solar Luminosity Relative solar luminosity The Earth System, Ch. 2

  17. The rest of Chapter 2 will be done on the blackboard…

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