Fundamentals of Fisheries Resource Management

1. Fundamentals of Fisheries Resource Management Ramon Carcamo Fisheries Expert

2. Fisheries Resources • Organic resources are the same limited resources as mineral ones. If we exhausted mineral resources, mineral resources will run out. But, as organic resources have reproductive mechanism and differ from mineral resources, we can make the best use of organic resources for permanent utilization by applying their reproductive mechanism. • Fisheries resources is also organic resources, therefore, we have to consider permanent utilization of them by applying the mechanism. • Pillage fisheries will extinguish not only fisheries resources but also fisheries themselves.

3. Features of the fisheries resources Mineral Resources (Oil, Coal, etc. ---) Non-renewable -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Organic [Living] Resources (Fish, shrimp, etc.---) Reproductive Capability Reproductive Capability Appropriate Fisheries Resource Management No Management for Fisheries Resources Sustainable Use of (Fisheries) Resources Depleted Fisheries Resources

4. Características de los Recursos Pesqueros Recursos minerales (Gasolina, carbón, etc. ---) No-renovables -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Recursos orgánicos [Vivientes] (Peces, camarones, etc.---) Reproductive Capability Capacidad Reproductiva Apropiado Manejo del Recurso Pesquero Ningún Manejo para el Recurso Pesquero Uso Sostenible del Recurso (Pesquero) Disminución del Recurso Pesquero

5. Fisheries Resources • Looking back the history on utilization and development of fisheries resources, the necessity of permanent utilization is quite obvious. • The major aim of fisheries resources conservation and management strategies is to make possible of permanent utilization of the resources. • We must grasp the strategies of fisheries resources conservation and management from three aspects. • The first aspect is a biological aspect, the second is a fisheries aspect, and the third is a economic aspect.

6. Biological Aspect: Growth law and survival law Growth Curve • The growth law shows the corresponding body weight increases as the cohort ages.WHILE, Survival Curve • The survival law demonstrates the decline in survival as a function of the age of the cohort.

7. Biological Aspect: Biomass curve X • In the natural environment, the relationship of the two laws can be shown as a biomass curve. • The first half of the curve draws an exponential growth in total body weight of fish and as maturity is reached the maximum biomass , and will be at Point X. • Beyond this point little growth occurs and natural mortality begins to set in.

8. Simplified migration circuit Adult Stock • For maintain the resources on target species, proper measures for protection of nursery and spawning areas should be taken. Migration Recruitment Migration / Drifting Spawning Area Nursery Area

9. Fisheries Aspect:Selectivity curve Y X The selectivity curve is influenced by mesh size whereby as mesh size decreases, the curve moves to the left resulting in a smaller-sized catch. Increasing the mesh size shifts the curve to the right, thus yielding a larger-sized catch. To maximize a catch, mesh size targeting the desired individuals should be used.

10. Fisheries Aspect:Discontinuous selectivity of an ideal gear • Previous mentioned relationship is drawn as a discontinuous selectivity curve (ideal gear if available) Commercial sized fishes caught No smaller fishes caught

11. Fisheries Aspect:Selectivity curve of diamond and square mesh Diamond Mesh • The mesh type is equally important as illustrated in above. Square Mesh • At a given mesh size, square mesh is more effective in catching larger-sized fish than a diamond mesh. • In practice, this is a useful technique in catch selectivity.

12. Economic Aspect:Relationship between cost and Yield MSY Cost MSY: Maximum Sustainable Yield MEY Yield MEY: Maximum Economic Yield

13. Fisheries Resource Management System in General Objective Target point at the time Observation of present state Evaluation of the difference from the target point Judgment of method to approach target point Decision on measure to be taken Fisheries resource management at the target area Monitoring of results Scientific research

14. Flow chart of the measures for sustainable use of the fisheries resources Fishermen want to catch fish, shrimp, shellfish, etc. as possible as they can. Fishermen (Fishers) Appropriate fisheries management measures have to be promoted for sustainable use of the fisheries resources. Appropriate fisheries management measures have to be promoted for sustainable use of the fisheries resources. Paid the heavy effort for the fisheries resources without management measures. Establish Fisheries Resource Management Committee. Depleted fisheries resources Policy maker Researcher Fishermen can’t be survived as fishermen & no fish will be provided to the consumers. Fisheries industry Intelligent persons in the fisheries science

15. Diagrama de flujo de las medidas para un uso sostenible de los Recursos Pesqueros El pescador quiere capturar peces, camarones, moluscos, etc. tantos como ellos puedan. Pescador (Pescadores) Appropriate fisheries management measures have to be promoted for sustainable use of the fisheries resources. Apropiadas medidas de manejo pesquero deben ser promovidas para un uso sostenible de los recursos pesqueros. Pago por el fuerte esfuerzo por los recursos pesqueros sin medidas de manejo. Establecen un Comité de Manejo de los Recursos Pesqueros. Disminución de los recursos pesqueros Vigilancia Investigación Pescador no puede sobrevivir como tal y los peces no son suministrados a los consumidores. Industria pesquera Personas Inteligentes en la Ciencia pesquera

16. Major information needed for fisheries resource management • (ⅰ) Biological Information • (ⅱ) Technical Information • (ⅲ) Economic Information • (ⅳ) Social Information and • (ⅴ) Institutional Information • Source: FAO, RAPA Rep., 1987/10 • Information mentioned above is obtained from many sources such as universities, extension agents and so on.

17. For the more effective use of sources of information and increasing supply to information, some possible approaches suggested are as follow: • (ⅰ) Increasing contact with fishermen by facilitating establishment of fishermen’s groups or organizations or by making greater use of extension agents. • (ⅱ) Improved communication between decision-makers and scientists through the establishment of consultative meetings etc.

18. For the more effective use of sources of information: • (ⅲ) Better coordination between fisheries statistical services and other government agencies. • (ⅳ) Integrating the collection of economic and social data into catch assessment surveys.

19. For the more effective use of sources of information: • (ⅴ) Development and testing of surrogate-indicators for detailed information (e.g., changes in shares paid for labour or in lease fees for vessels as indicators of health of fisheries). • (ⅵ) Greater involvement of universities in multi-disciplinary fisheries research of direct relevance for decision-making. • (ⅶ) Improved contacts between private fishing industry and fishery administrators. • (ⅷ) Others.

20. An example of ‘Process of formulation of fisheries resource management plan’ is shown as follows (FAO, RAPA Rep., 1987/10) DEFINE THE FISHERY - GEOGRAPHICAL BOUNDARIES - FISHING METHODS - FISH SPECIES (ONLY IF ESSENTIAL) ESTABLISH AN INDUSTRY/GOVERNMENT TASK FORCE DETERMINE THE OBJECTIVE FOR MANAGEMENT OF THE FISHERY CONSOLIDATE AND ANALYSE AVAILABLE BIOLOGICAL, ECONOMIC AND LICENSING INFORMATON PREPARE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS PAPER SETTING OUT: - DESCRIPTION OF FISHERY - OBJECTIVES - ASSESSMENT OF BIOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC DATA - ASSESSMENT OF MANAGEMENT OPTIONS UNDER FOLLOWING HEADINGS .. OPEN ACCESS .. TAXES ON INPUTS OR OUTPUTS .. LIMITED ENTRY .. INDIVIDUAL TRANSFERABLE QUOTAS DRAFT MANAGEMENT PROPOSALS FOR CONSIDERATION BY INDUSTRY SUBMISSION O RECOMMENDATIONS TO GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHMENT OF INDUSTRY/GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT ADVISORY COMMITTEE IMPLEMENTATION OF MANAGEMENT PLAN ONGOING EVALUATION OF MANAGEMENT PLAN AND INTRODUCTION OF ADDITIONAL MANAGEMENT MEASURES

21. Fisheries Resource Management Ideas for Small-scale Fisheries Fishery Biology Stock Assessment Policy and Measures Interaction of Fisheries Resource Enhancement Fisheries Statistics

22. Items should be done for the stock assessment and fisheries resource management for the small-scale fisheries is as follow (Modified from Saila and Roedel, 1979): (ⅰ) Collaborative Research, First Priority • ① Comparative Studies – Productivity • ② Comparative Studies - Catch • ③ Comparative Assessment Models • ④ Policy and Decision-making Structures • ⑤ Biosocioeconomic Models

23. Items should be done for the stock assessment and fisheries resource management for the small-scale fisheries is as follow (Modified from Saila and Roedel, 1979): (ⅱ) Collaborative Research, Second Priority • ① Data Analysis Systems • ② Surveys – Direct Census • ③ Surveys - Acoustics

24. Items should be done for the stock assessment and fisheries resource management for the small-scale fisheries is as follow (Modified from Saila and Roedel, 1979): (ⅲ) Collaborative Research, Third Priority • ① Age and Growth Studies • ② Surveys – Remote Sensing • ③ Surveys – Capture • ④ Surveys – Eggs and Larvae

25. Items should be done for the stock assessment and fisheries resource management for the small-scale fisheries is as follow (Modified from Saila and Roedel, 1979): (ⅳ) Supportive Research Activities • ① Inventory of Exploited Resources • ② Inventory of Human and Institutional Resources • ③ Inventory of Ecosystem Response • ④ Inventory of Life Histories • ⑤ Surveys - Effort

26. Items should be done for the stock assessment and fisheries resource management for the small-scale fisheries is as follow (Modified from Saila and Roedel, 1979): (ⅴ) Supportive Development Activities • ① Information Dissemination • ② Training - Data

27. Stock Structure: Single-species Resource evaluation on Stock I Biological features on Species A Regional Form a Regional Form b (Resource evaluation on Form a) Biological features on Form a Biological features on Form b Discrimination between Form a and Form b (Resource evaluation on Form b)

28. Stock Structure: Multi-species Resource evaluation on Stock II Species B Species C Biological features on Species C Biological features on Species B (Resource evaluation on Species B) (Resource evaluation on Species C)

29. Stock Discrimination The stock or shoal discrimination studies are mainly based on the followings: • Morphology • Ecology • Catch fluctuation • Genetics

30. Stock Discrimination Stock characters are as follows: • Body length and weight composition • Growth rate • Age composition • Fatness • Egg-diameter • Fecundity • Scale features

31. Stock Discrimination Stock characters are as follows: • Ratio of body measurements • Meristic characters • Serum protein • Karyotypes • Isozymes • Mitochondria DNA

32. Parameters/Elements for Biological Features of Fish Popular parameters/elements for biological features are as follow: • ①　Geographic limits to the stock • ② Migration pattern • ③ Depth distribution • ④ Size composition (mean length in catch, maximum length and maturity size) • ⑤ Spawning (season and area)

33. Parameters/Elements for Biological Features of Fish Popular parameters/elements for biological features are as follow: • ⑥ Nursery ground • ⑦ Fecundity • ⑧ Recruitment (season and body size) • ⑨ Growth (growth rate) • ⑩ Length-weight relationship

34. Parameters/Elements for Biological Features of Fish Popular parameters/elements for biological features are as follow: • ⑪ Mortality • ⑫ Age and age determination • ⑬ Sex ratio • ⑭ Food and feeding habit • ⑮ Predators

35. Parameters/Elements for Biological Features of Fish • Additionally, meristic characters such as number of vertebrae, number of fin spines and rays, number of mid-lateral scales and so on are very important elements, and morphometric characters are also important for the features of stock of fish.

36. Identification of Parameters for Studies on Stock and Population Dynamics • ①Length-weight relationship: • Paired data of length and weight are required. • Data are obtained from measurements of fish body. • ② Growth curve: • Paired data of age and length are required. • Analyse age and measurements of fish body.

37. Identification of Parameters for Studies on Stock and Population Dynamics • ③ Natural mortality coefficient: • Longevity (analyse age, etc.), growth equation (analyse age and fish body measurements), tagging data (analyse recapture data) and data of virgin stock (survey in unexploited area) are required. • ④Fishing mortality coefficient: • Age composition (analyse age), catch and effort (obtain from operation record) and tagging data (analyse recapture data) are required.

38. Identification of Parameters for Studies on Stock and Population Dynamics • ⑤ Longevity: • Growth, sex ratio, survival rate, etc. are required. • Analyse age, sex and etc. • ⑥ Availability: • Species list and catch composition are required. • Data are obtained from Fish Market Census or direct observation of fish market.

39. Identification of Parameters for Studies on Stock and Population Dynamics • ⑦ Reproductive mechanism: • Information on recruitment-parent relationship is required. • Analyse age composition data for many years. • ⑧ Sex ratio: • Frequency distribution of each sex is required. • Analyse numbers of male and female determined by gonad.

40. Identification of Parameters for Studies on Stock and Population Dynamics • ⑨ Maturity rate: • Frequency distribution of gonad index is required. • Examine the gonads. • ⑩ Number of spawned eggs: • Number of incubation and spawning eggs is required. • Examine the ovaries.

41. Identification of Parameters for Studies on Stock and Population Dynamics • ⑪ Age composition: • Frequency distribution of body length is required. • Analyse age and body length frequency. Age determination method is required. • ⑫ Population index: • Fish density of each area is required. • Data are obtained from experimental surveys.

42. Identification of Parameters for Studies on Stock and Population Dynamics • ⑬ Effective overall fishing intensity: • Fish density of each area is required. • Data are obtained from experimental surveys. • ⑭ Catchability coefficient: • Selectivity and escape rate are required. • Data are obtained from experimental surveys.

43. Identification of Parameters for Studies on Stock and Population Dynamics • ⑮ Selectivity: • Mesh size selectivity data are required. • Data are obtained from experimental surveys. • ⑯ Escape rate: • Hypothetical experiment is required.

44. Identification of Parameters for Studies on Stock and Population Dynamics • ⑰ Density of area: • Experimental survey is required. • ⑱ Catch per year: • Fisheries statistics is required.

45. Possible Measures for Fisheries Management(Closed Season) • During this period • Fishing activities are prohibited • To protect spawning adults during the spawning season • Or • To rehabilitate depleted stocks

46. Possible Measures for Fisheries Management(Closed Area) • An area/habitat is closed to fishing activities, • For example, to protect spawning grounds or juveniles • This does not affect fishing effort • It can be relocated to other areas • But it can limit its effectiveness on fishing effort

47. Possible Measures for Fisheries Management(Fishing Gear and Methods) • Certain types of fishing gear will be prohibited • Also the number of fishing gear will be restricted on this scheme • Mesh size restriction for certain fishing gear is also one of the popular measures

48. Possible Measures for Fisheries Management(Size Limit) • On the fishing and selling of fish • Under a set size limit must be prohibited • For conserving the resources • Fish caught less than a set size limit • It must be released into the sea • At good condition.

49. Possible Measures for Fisheries Management(Fishing Sub-gear) • Fishing sub-gear such as fish luring (aggregative) lamp • It is sometimes restricted of its electric power • Intensity of the lamps tends to be strengthened gradually in order to get more catches • But intensity of lamps is strengthened, catchability is not improved so much • Regulations regarding such fishing sub-gear is necessary to avoid excessive competitions among fishermen.

50. Possible Measures for Fisheries Management(Total Catch by Species) • Stemming from the international law of the sea, as of November 1993, a country may set a total allowable catch (TAC) of the total catch by species as its upper limit. • Other countries, therefore, may only catch the difference between the TAC and actual catches, thus limiting the catches beyond the TAC. • Catch quota system is also one of the methods of restriction of the catches.