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2.1 Classes of Hydrocarbons

2.1 Classes of Hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons. Aliphatic. Aromatic. Hydrocarbons. Aliphatic. Aromatic. Alkanes. Alkenes. Alkynes. H. H. H. H. C. C. H. H. Hydrocarbons. Alkanes are hydrocarbons in which all of the bonds are single bonds. Aliphatic. Alkanes. H. H. C. C. H.

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2.1 Classes of Hydrocarbons

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  1. 2.1Classes of Hydrocarbons

  2. Hydrocarbons Aliphatic Aromatic

  3. Hydrocarbons Aliphatic Aromatic Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes

  4. H H H H C C H H Hydrocarbons Alkanes are hydrocarbons in which all of the bonds are single bonds. Aliphatic Alkanes

  5. H H C C H H Hydrocarbons Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond. Aliphatic Alkenes

  6. HC CH Hydrocarbons Alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon triple bond. Aliphatic Alkynes

  7. H H H H H H Hydrocarbons The most common aromatic hydrocarbons are those that contain a benzene ring. Aromatic

  8. 2.2Reactive Sites in Hydrocarbons

  9. Functional Group a structural unit in a molecule responsible for itscharacteristic behavior under a particular set ofreaction conditions

  10. R—H R—X Alkanes functional group is a hydrogen reaction that takes place is substitution one of the hydrogens is replaced by some other atom or group

  11. R—H R—X H H H H Cl H H H C C C C H H H H Alkanes functional group is a hydrogen reaction that takes place is substitution one of the hydrogens is replaced by some other atom or group + HCl + Cl2

  12. Functional Groups in Hydrocarbons alkanes RH alkenes double bond alkynes triple bond arenes ArH

  13. 2.3The Key Functional Groups

  14. Families of organic compounds and their functional groups Alcohols ROH Alkyl halides RX (X = F, Cl, Br, I) Amines primary amine: RNH2 secondary amine: R2NH tertiary amine: R3N

  15. C C O Families of organic compounds and their functional groups Epoxides Ethers ROR' Nitriles RC Nitroalkanes RNO2 Thiols RSH N

  16. O O C C Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group R Carbonyl group Acyl group

  17. O O C C Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group H R Carbonyl group Aldehyde

  18. O O C C Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group R' R Carbonyl group Ketone

  19. O O C C Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group OH R Carbonyl group Carboxylic acid

  20. O O C C Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group OR' R Ester Carbonyl group

  21. O O C C Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group NH2 R Amide Carbonyl group

  22. CnH2n+2 2.4Introduction to Alkanes: Methane, Ethane, and Propane

  23. The simplest alkanes Methane (CH4) CH4 Ethane (C2H6) CH3CH3 Propane (C3H8) CH3CH2CH3 bp -160°C bp -89°C bp -42°C

  24. C4H10 2.5Isomeric Alkanes: The Butanes

  25. n-Butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 Isobutane (CH3)3CH bp -0.4°C bp -10.2°C

  26. 2.6Higher n-Alkanes

  27. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 n-Pentane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 n-Hexane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 n-Heptane

  28. 2.7The C5H12 Isomers

  29. C5H12 (CH3)2CHCH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 Isopentane n-Pentane (CH3)4C Neopentane

  30. How many isomers? The number of isomeric alkanes increases as the number of carbons increase. There is no simple way to predict how many isomers there are for a particular molecular formula.

  31. Table 2.3 Number of Constitutionally Isomeric Alkanes CH4 1 C2H6 1 C3H8 1 C4H10 2 C5H12 3 C6H14 5 C7H16 9

  32. Table 2.3 Number of Constitutionally Isomeric Alkanes CH4 1 C8H18 18 C2H6 1 C9H20 35 C3H8 1 C10H22 75 C4H10 2 C15H32 4,347 C5H12 3 C20H42 366,319 C6H14 5 C40H82 62,491,178,805,831 C7H16 9

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