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Learn about significant historical figures such as Hammurabi, Alexander the Great, Socrates, and more, and their contributions to ancient civilizations.
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Hammurabi • Babylonian ruler • Established standards of justice for all classes, although laws favored the upper classes. • Main principle behind his laws, “eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth”.
Alexander the Great • Macedonian King (Greece) • Expanded the Greek empire to include Egypt, the Middle East, and parts of India. • Hellenistic culture spread by Alexander throughout his exploits.
Socrates • Greek philosopher • Developed Socratic method, which is learning about beliefs and ideas by asking questions. • Was sentenced to death by government. He had to drink hemlock (poison).
Plato • Greek philosopher. • Socrates' student. • Wrote political essay the Republic. • Believed government should control lives of people.
Aristotle • Greek philosopher. • Student of Plato. Teacher of Alexander the Great. • Believed people learned through reason. • Believed that one strong moral leader should rule.
Julius Caesar • Roman General • Appointed dictator for life in Rome. • Introduced many reforms, which strengthened Rome's power. • Assassinated on the Ides of March (March 15).
Moses -Chief lawgiver of the Hebrews -led the Hebrews out of the slavery in Egypt -According to Hebrew faith, gave them the Ten Commandments which he received from God
Abraham - IN THE TORAH, YAHWEH CHOSE ABRAHAM TO BE THE FATHER OF THE HEBREW PEOPLE. • ACCORDING TO THE TORAH, YAHWEH COMMANDED ABRAHAM TO SETTLE INTO CANAAN AROUND 1800 BCE
Confucius • Chinese philosopher. • Believed that in order to maintain stability, citizens must perform duties and services depending on their roles in society. • Wrote the Analects, a collection of his teachings and beliefs.
Jesus of Nazareth • According to Christian teaching, Jesus is the messiah, sent by God. • Traveled throughout Israel and Palestine preaching his philosophies. • Followers of Jesus formed the Christian religion based on Jesus’ teachings.
Muhammad • According to Islamic tradition, the angel Gabriel commanded Muhammad to spread the message of Allah and Islam. • Proclaimed that Allah was the one true God. • Muslims believe in the Five Pillars of Islam, taught by Muhammad.
Siddhartha Gautama • By meditation he found out the meaning of human suffering, then became the Buddha. • The central philosophy of Buddhism revolve around the Four Noble Truths. • Ultimate goal for Buddhist is to reach nirvana.
Laozi • Chinese philosopher. • Believed people should live in harmony with nature. • Believed in the balance between yin (darkness) and yang (light). • Beliefs form the basis of Taoism.
Justinian • Emperor of the Byzantine Empire. • Created Justinian Code. It organized ancient laws of the Romans, which became a body of civil laws. • Justinian code basis for laws of the Roman Catholic Church and medieval rulers.
Charlemagne (Charles the Great) • King of the Franks, a Germanic tribe. • Built an empire across Europe. • Brought stability to Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire. • Responsible for spreading Christianity throughout empire. • Established schools and libraries.
Genghis Khan • Leader of the Mongols (Northern China) • Assembled a disciplined and organized military which conquered much of Asia and Eastern Europe. • Spread Mongol culture throughout his empire.
Kublai Khan • Grandson of Genghis Khan • Leader of the Mongols • Took Control of China • Kublai Khan spread terror and destruction throughout hid empire.
Marco Polo • Italian merchant • Traveled to China, which was under the control of Kublai Khan • He introduced Europeans to Chinese culture.
Mansa Musa • Powerful ruler of the Mali Kingdom. • Musa’s dominated West Africa. • Brought Islamic faith to Africa, by converting to Islam. • The great city of Timbuktu became a center for Muslim learning.
Ibn Battuta • A devout Muslim that traveled throughout Africa and the Middle East • His journeys assisted bringing Islam to Africa (cultural diffusion) • Recorded detailed accounts of his travels which is very important to modern historians
Zheng He • Chinese admiral • Traveled extensively to promote trade with China and western societies.
Leonardo da Vinci • Renaissance painter, sculptor, inventor, and architect. • Painted the Mona Lisa and Last Supper.
Michelangelo • Renaissance sculptor, engineer, and architect. • Created statue of David • Painted the dome of St. Peters Basilica in Rome.
Donatello • Made sculptures more realistic by carving more natural postures and expressions to reveal personality
Raphael • Renaissance painter • Used perspective to make his paintings more realistic
Niccolo Machiavelli • Renaissance writer. Wrote The Prince. • His book advises rulers on how to maintain power by using any means necessary to ensure their success. • Machiavelli’s philosophy was “The End Justifies the Mean”.
Martin Luther • German monk • Wrote 95 These, which were arguments against the Roman Catholic Church’s abuse of power. • Event sparked the Protestant Reformation. • Luther believed that heaven could be attained by faith. • Excommunicated from RC Church.
John Calvin • French, Roman Catholic priest • Promoted the idea of Predestination, or the idea that God has chosen, before time began, who would be saved. • Calvin’s followers, Calvinists, lived strict, disciplined, and frugal lives.
Ignatius Loyola • Founder of the Jesuit Order (Catholicism). • The religious order was created during the Counter Reformation, which emphasized spiritual and moral discipline of the Catholic authorities.
Joan of Arc • French peasant (serf). • Disguised as a man she fought the English in the 100 Years War. • She rallied the French troops to many victories. • Joan claimed to hear the voice of God, who told her to fight. • The English capture Joan, and burned. She has come to symbolize French nationalism.
Suleiman the Magnificent • Ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1520-1566. • Effective military leader. • Expanded the Ottoman Empire. • His reign considered the “Golden Years” of the empire
Henry the Navigator • Prince Henry of Portugal. • Gathered experts in science, mapmaking, and ship-building in order to find trade routes to Asia. • His explorations opened up much of West Africa to Portuguese interests.
Bartholomeu Dias • Portuguese Explorer. • In 1488, rounded the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa.
Vasco de Gama • He followed Dias’ route around Africa into the Indian Ocean, opening important trade locations. • Brought a variety of valuable spices back to Portugal, which he sold for high profits. • Created a all-water route to Asia.
Christopher Columbus • Italian sailor. • Convinced Spanish monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand, to finance his trip. • Believed if he sailed west he would reach Asia, creating a faster route to Asia. • Ship landed in the Caribbean, where Columbus inadvertently discovered The New World.
Ferdinand Magellan • Portuguese noble and explorer. • First person to circumnavigate (go completely around) the world. • Claimed the Philippine islands for Spain in 1521. • Established a trading port in Philippines for trade with China, and spread Catholicism.
Hernan Cortes • Spanish conquistador. • Conquered the Aztec empire in Mexico in 1521. • Came to the New World in search of gold and silver.
Francisco Pizarro • Spanish conquistador. • Conquered the Incan empire in 1532.
Louis XIV • Ruled France for 72 years. • Referred to as the “The Sun King”. • Used the sun as symbol of power. • Used the idea of Divine Right. • Wars and extravagant living caused social unrest and political instability.
Ivan the Terrible • Czar Ivan IV. • Harsh treatment of his subjects and violent disposition earned him the nickname, “Terrible”. • Organized a personal police force to slaughter anyone who opposed him.
Peter the Great • Czar of Russia from 1682-1725. • Adopted Western ideas in an attempt to modernize Russia. • Expanded territory to incorporate ports in the Baltic Sea. • Tried to gain warm-weather port in Black sea, but failed.
Nicolaus Copernicus • Polish scholar. • Challenged the belief that the earth was the center of the universe. • Used mathmatics to state that sun was at center of universe (Heliocentric model).
Galileo Galilei • Italian astronomer. • Provided evidence regarding Copernicus’ theory by observing the skies with a telescope that he constructed. • His findings enraged the Church, and he was forced to take back his statements, or face execution.
Isaac Newton • English scholar. • Used math to prove theory of gravity. • Used same formulas to prove that the Earth rotates around the sun staying in a fixed orbit.
Thomas Hobbes • English philosopher. • Wrote, Leviathan, a political essay which stated that people were naturally selfish, and in need of a strong government to maintain order. • Believed that a Absolute Monarchy was needed to maintain order.
Rene Descartes • French philosopher. • Emphasized the power of human reason. • Believed reason could be used to discover truth.
John Locke • English philosopher of the late 1600s. • Believed all people had natural rights, which include; right to life, liberty, and property. • Stated that government should protect these rights, and if not people have right to overthrow government.
Baron de Montesquieu • French Political Scientist • Believed government should be separated into three branches; executive, legislative, and judicial. • This, he argued, would prevent abuses of power. Basically creating a system of checks and balances.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau • French philosopher of 1700s. • Wrote The Social Contract. • Believed that people were naturally good, but corrupted by the evils of society. • Thought that when governments were formed people give up their personal interests for the benefit of society.
