National Biology

1. National Biology Protein and enzymes f. Uses of enzymes

2. Recap • Write two things you learned last lesson • This lesson is about uses of enzymes - write down something you would like to find out about the uses of enzymes

3. What are we learning today? We are learning to: • State some functions of enzymes • Explain how biological detergents are different to non-biological detergents • Explain how people with lactose intolerance can still drink milk Success criteria: • Sweets, detergents, food • Cleansing potential of biological powders compared to non-biological • The effect of lactase on lactose

4. What are enzymes used for in industry?

5. How do you make a soft gooey centre? • The chocolate is poured over a solid mixture which contains sucrose • Sucrase (enzyme) breaks down the sucrose into glucose and fructose

6. Baby foods: Proteases are used to pre-digest some of the protein in the food. Now the babies digestive system can cope with it better and they can get the amino acids they need from food

7. Choices Glucose syrup is converted into fructose syrup by isomeraseenzyme Glucose and fructose contain exactly the same amount of energy but fructose is much sweeter therefore much smaller amounts of it are needed to make food taste sweet so is a good diet choice. Isomerase used in diet industry

8. Immobilising Enzymes • Enzymes are expensive. • To save money they can be immobilised. • The enzyme is fixed onto jelly or glass beads and the reactants are poured slowly through the beads • This means that they can be filtered from the product and used again.

9. Reactants in In order to ensure most of the reactant is converted to product the flow of reactant through the column would be reduced, thus increasing the quantity of product produced Enzymes fixed to jelly beads Tap to regulate flow Products out

10. Lactose free milk - Experiment • People who are lactose intolerant cannot breakdown lactose • Experiment • Step 1 – follow your teacher’s instructions to form immobilised lactase beads • Step 2 make your column and add milk

11. Uses of enzymes….. • “Biological” washing powders contain enzymes that digest (break down) proteins and fats. • Lipase to break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol • Pepsin to break down protein into peptides • They work on biological stains like: • Grass • Sweat • Blood • food stains Grass Blood Sweat Food stains

12. Uses of enzymes….. • The enzymes in biological washing powders allow clothes to be cleaned at lower temperatures. This saves energy and money – better for environment • Remember, enzymes can be DENATURED at high temperatures. So if you put biological washing powder in a hot wash, it will not work: 30oC 100oC

13. Summary • State some functions of enzymes • Explain how biological detergents are different to non-biological detergents • Explain how people with lactose intolerance can still drink milk